九世纪下半页风雪交加的一天 One stormy day, some time in the second half of the ninth century,
一艘维京船被大风吹离了航线 a Viking ship was blown off course.
最终在冰岛一处无人居住的未知的海滩靠岸 It finally beached up on an uninhabited, unexplored shore, here on Iceland.
当时维京水手们看到的... It must have presented
肯定是一幅可怕而陌生的景象 a truly terrifying, alien landscape.
而这次发现标志着维京人 But its discovery meant that the Vikings
不再仅仅是入侵者和商人了 were no longer just raiders and traders.
从那时起... From that moment onwards,
他们也是探索者和冒险家 they were explorers and adventurers.
我将追溯维京人的足迹... I'm retracing the steps of the Vikings...
去发现关于他们生活的真相... ..to discover the truth about their lives...
...还有他们神秘的世界 ..and their mysterious world.
时至今日，这里还像是世界的边缘 Even now, this place feels like it's on the edge of everything.
身为一名考古学家 And, as an archaeologist,
我将从所有的古代遗址中... I'll be seeking out some of the most telling evidence of all...
选出最为显著的证据 ..their very remains.
这种炫目的发型恰好增加了他的吸引力 This flamboyant hairstyle just adds to his allure.
上一集中我远赴东方... Last time, I travelled east
揭示了维京人贸易王国究竟有多大 to discover the far reaches of Viking trade.
刻在大理石上的这条黑线正是维京符号 These dark lines, etched into the marble, are Viking runes -
古维京文字 ancient Viking writing.
这集中我将西行... Now, I'm heading west
去揭开维京人是如何 成为了探索者和国王的 to find out how the Vikings became explorers and kings,
并最终在整个北方建立起了维京王国 creators of an entire Viking empire of the north.
维京人
九世纪末期维京人的势力到达了全盛时期 By the end of the ninth century, the Viking age was in full swing,
他们的领地和影响力早已不局限于 with their territories and influence spreading outwards
斯堪的纳维亚家乡了 from their Scandinavian homelands.
瑞典人沿着俄罗斯的河流一路向东 The Swedes travelled east, down the great rivers of Russia.
西边...丹麦人跨过北海殖民英格兰 The Danes crossed the North Sea, raiding and colonising,
把约克变成了维京的贸易中心 and establishing, at York, the hub of a trading network in the west.
而挪威维京人则是另外一幅景象 For the Norwegians, however, it was a different story.
我将从挪威卑尔根出发... I'm starting in Bergen, Norway,
去看看这些北方的人们 to see how the people of the north,
是如何在维京世界中描绘出属于自己的那部分画卷的 the Norsemen, carved out their own slice of the Viking world...
他们的舞台在蛮荒而前人未曾涉足过的大西洋上... ..in the wild, uncharted Atlantic Ocean.
居高临下... From up here,
可以清楚地到 山丘和峡湾之间 you can clearly see that between the mountains and the fjords,
农田稀少而珍贵 there's precious little in the way of available farming land.
因而，当人口膨胀时 So, for an expanding population,
很多是雄心勃勃的年轻人 many of them ambitious young men,
土地稀少使得他们别无他法... that absence of available land could have only one outcome.
最有进取心的那些人 The most adventurous of them
试图改变境遇和寻找机会 would seek to change their circumstances and their opportunities,
于是... and to do that,
他们起身离开 they would up and leave.
维京人成功的秘诀就是这臭名昭著的维京长舟 The secret of the Norsemen's success was their notorious longship.
这种船是整个维京时代的象征 It's the icon of the entire Viking age.
在卑尔根 And here in Bergen,
人们对其中一艘船进行了修复 people have built a decent seagoing reconstruction of one.
划着这么一艘船 Rowing one of these,
在这样的好天气里... on a day like today,
是很愉悦的 it's actually quite pleasant
当然你得找准节奏 if you can get into the rhythm.
噢...稳住...稳住 Oh, hold on, hold on.
全乱了... It's all gone terrible.
维京人的战舰因快速而转向灵活而闻名 The Vikings were notorious for their fast and manoeuvrable warships.
但是要征服大海 But to conquer the ocean,
他们的船还得更加坚固些 they also needed sturdier vessels.
短一点，宽一点，能用风帆来驱动 Shorter, wider and powered by sail.
这种船非常适合装载货物 They were perfect to carry goods,
牲畜，工具和人员 animals, tools and people.
仅仅只要六个船员 Crewed by as few as six men,
这种船载着维京人一直航行到已知世界的尽头 ships like these carried the Norse to the end of the known world...
甚至更远 ..and far beyond.
不带任何现代技术装备 Lena Borjesson has spent months at sea,
莉娜.博格森在海上航行了数月 navigating without modern technology
这样做是为了了解维京人是这么做到这点的 to understand just how the Vikings did it.
他们依靠太阳辨认方向 They were dependent on the sun.
如果看不到太阳 If they didn't find the sun,
他们就会"hav vill" they were "hav vill",
他们会在海上迷失方向 they were lost at sea.
Harv ville...Hav vill. Harv ville. Hav vill.
在维京船上肯定没人希望听到这个词 That's a word you don't want to hear on a Viking ship.
是的 Right!
通过海上的试验 From experiments at sea,
莉娜发现如果依赖并不可靠的太阳来指导方向 Lena has discovered that being so dependent on an unreliable sun,
那么预定目标和最终到达的地点之间是常会有偏差的 the Vikings often had to be flexible about exactly where they ended up.
如果没有抵达设德兰 If you don't end up in Shetland,
你可能到了奥克尼 you would end up in Orkney.
这其实并不坏，对吗? And that's not bad, is it?
是的 Right.
对于最终会到哪里 So you just have to be a bit more open-minded about
你需要豁达淡定一点 where you're going.
你说的很对 You've got it.
史诗般的远航是维京传说中标志性的一部分 Their epic voyages are a defining part of the Viking legend.
从开始对沿海发动蛙跳式的袭击后不久 From coast-hopping raids, it wasn't long before
挪威冒险家们就开始探索辽阔的公海 the Norwegian adventurers started to strike out into the open ocean,
寻找可以居住的新大陆了 in search of new lands to settle.
而今，我将追随他们的脚印 Now, I'm following in their footsteps...
从卑尔根前往设德兰 ..travelling from Bergen to Shetland...
那是维京人航线上的第一站 ..one of their first stops.
我们知道公元九世纪之后 We know that large numbers of them arrived on Orkney
很多维京人到达了奥克尼郡和设德兰 and here in Shetland from around 800 AD onwards,
实际上这些地名实际上都来自维京语 because virtually all of the place names are Norse in origin.
而不是原来皮克特语的名字 No Pictish names survive.
我们无从得知得知原住民是被征服了... We don't know if the local population was enslaved
还是被消灭了或者被赶走了 or exterminated or just driven off.
但想到维京人在别处的残暴行径 But knowing how badly the Vikings behaved elsewhere,
这些都有可能 it was probably all three.
设德兰岛曾经遭受过维京的入侵和劫掠 On Shetland, there had already been raiding and pillaging.
而其中一部分维京人留了下来 But some Vikings who arrived here came to stay.
他们开垦过的农场遗址依然清晰可辨 And relics of their farms still survive.
这个古老的人类居住地紧靠机场 This ancient site of human habitation is cheek by jowl with the airport.
如果你听到背景声里有轰鸣 So if you hear a roaring sound in the background,
那是飞往卑尔根的三四五次航班 that'll be the 3.45 to Bergen.
往前一点就是七个长方形的房屋地基 Over here, there are the foundations for seven long, rectangular buildings,
这些当初都是由维京人建造的 and these were built and used by the Vikings.
这里应该是住家的重要部分 This would have been part of the main family quarters.
沿着这里...应该有一个 Along here, there would have been
木制的长凳...人可以坐在上面躺在上面 wooden-topped benches for sitting on and sleeping on,
其中一边会有一个居中的炉灶 on either side, a central hearth.
这就是我刚刚提到的航班 That's one of those planes I was talking about.
这里的光线应该很暗，烟很大 It would have been quite dark in here, quite smoky.
在房子的远端会有一间烘干谷物的房间 Then, at the far end, there's a corn-drying room,
收割下来谷物在那里被加热烘干后储存 where there would have been heat that would have dried the crop for storage.
考古学家们还在那里发现石块被烘烤的痕迹 And then at the far end, the archaeologists found burnt stone,
因而推测这里还有过原始的桑拿房 so it suggests there might even have been a primitive sauna in use here.
在发掘维京古墓时经常看到的是陪葬品和财宝 Often across the Viking world, we discovered burials, treasure,
或者战士的遗骸 or the remains of warriors.
而这次在设德兰岛上，更多的却是... But on Shetland, there are relics of more ordinary lives,
属于普通的维京农夫和手工业者的(器物) of Viking farmers and craftsmen.
这件东西太棒了，非常可爱 It's a fantastic piece, as you can see, it's lovely.
这东西是在泥炭沼里发现的 It was found in a peat bog.
你看...这东西的柄上有个钩状的东西 You'll see there's a hook shape on the handle there.
因为这件东西是船上... The reason for that is that the thing was used in a boat,
用来舀水的 and you are bailing water
哦...这是个勺子对吗? Oh, it's a bailer, right.
对的 Yeah, that's right.
这东西很容易从手中滑落 It would be all too easy just to let the thing shoot out of your hand
掉进海里 and it might plop into the sea.
它末端的突起可以防止它从手里滑落 So you want to have a bit of a backstop on it to stop it shooting out.
勺子磨损的部分在这边 ... And you can see here that the wear pattern is on that side.
嗯 Mm-hm.
它的主人是习惯用右手的 It's a right-handed person. A right-handed person.
这东西是上世纪七十年代在设德兰找到的 This object was found in the 1970s in Shetland.
真是精致！ It's so fine.
你看这梳子的齿尖，还有小巧的铆钉 Look at the tines, the little rivets, because its composite, isn't it?
用来把几个部件连接在一起 It's been made from multiple parts.
你看这里，真是精美 That's gorgeous. Look at that.
一直被手触摸的表面富有光泽 Look at the shine on it from being handled,
这种光泽是(长期)使用它而造成的 you know, that patina there of being held and used.
没错，这就是生活的印记 Exactly, that's what brings the past to life.
触摸着这这些简单物件 Handling these simple objects
恰能带我进入古代维真人的日常生活 took me right into the practicalities of Viking daily life.
这里有一个小小的凹槽 It's got this little depression there.
这样大拇指就能牢牢握住它 That's for your thumb, so you can carry it.
灯，磨刀石 Lamps, whetstones,
纺锤和渔具 loom weights and fishing tackle.
而其中最好的是一件个人物品-- But best of all was one very personal possession.
这是一副连指手套 And it's a piece of a glove, or a mitten.
这里肯定是拇指 That's for a thumb?
是的 That's a thumb.
一个维京人的大拇指 For a Viking thumb
没错，维京人的大拇指 Yes, yes, a Viking thumb.
嘴上说说维京人是一回事 It's one thing to talk about Vikings
实实在在触摸到维京人的手则完全是另一回事 but that was worn by a Viking hand.
碳同位素分析显示这东西的年代是公元九七五年 Well, it's been carbon dated to 975 AD.
这么说已经有一千年的历史啦？ Oh, wow! How can that be 1,000 years old?
这是编织的吗？ Is that knitted?
是纺织的，信不信随你... That's woven, believe it or not.
天啊 Gosh.
我觉得看到这些东西绝对是令人激动的 I think it's just absolutely electrifying to see an item like this
在此你能够见证到人的双手是如此强有力的工具 where something as powerful as the human hand is there to be seen.
整个十世纪和十一世纪 Through the 10th and 11th centuries,
大概有上万维京人生活在设德兰地区 Shetland supported a huge community of around 10,000 Vikings.
然而这些小岛仅仅是 But these islands settlements were just
维京人伟大的远征途中第一站而已 the first stepping stones for even greater and far more daring journeys.
当瑞典人在东方以贸易发家 While the Swedes were getting rich from trade in the east
丹麦人在英格兰建立了维京国家 and the Danes were establishing a kingdom in England,
这里的维京先民们则绘制出一条西行的线路来 the Vikings here plotted a route into the west,
他们所发现的那些土地绝非和维京本土是近在咫尺的 and the lands they revealed were much more than just a day's sail away.
从设德兰出发继续往西北行进来到冰岛 From Shetland, and continuing north and west to Iceland.
渡过了狂暴的海洋 Having braved the wild seas,
维京人在九世纪下半页来到这里 the Vikings reached here in the late ninth century.
我之所以在这挖这么个洞 I've been digging in this bank for a very good reason,
是因为有人告诉我...如果挖到足够深的话 because I was told that if I went deep enough,
就能找到一个具有重大意义的土层 I would find a very important, significant layer.
你往下看 Now, if you look down in here,
先别管这块厚厚的灰色的土块 first of all, ignore that very obvious, thick, grey band.
你往更深的地方看 Down into that deep section,
看到在深色的泥土当中 do you see the quite narrow band of sandy coloured material
有薄薄的沙子颜色的物质了吗？ in amongst much darker stuff?
这些东西是公元八七二年一次火山喷发的遗迹 Now that, believe it or not, is debris from a volcanic eruption dated to 872 AD.
在这层土的下面就再也没有找到过人类活动的证据 Now, no evidence of human habitation has been found below that layer,
也就是说在八七二年之前这里没有人类居住 meaning there was no-one here before 872.
而在这层土上面 Above that layer,
也就是这个年代之后 after that date,
则找到了维京人在此定居的证据 we start to get evidence of Viking settlement.
于是我们知道了维京人是何时来到这里的 And that's how we know when they arrived.
冰岛甚至比维京人的故乡更靠北方 Iceland was some way north of the Viking homelands.
虽然挪威人早已学会了 And although the Norwegians here were well used
如何在漫长严寒黑暗的冬天生存 to surviving long, dark, cold winters,
但这里却独具法则 this place was in a league of its own.
第一批移民选择在海边定居 The very first settlements here were on the coast,
因为能从海里轻易的取得食物 where there was easy prey in the water.
鱼、海象、海豹 Fish, walrus, seals,
甚至是鲸鱼 even whales.
时至今日，就在雷克雅未克郊外 Today, just outside Reykjavik
有一间维京主题餐厅 仍然重现着那个时代的独特饮食 there's a Viking-themed restaurant that recreates the delights of a unique diet.
记得我五六岁的时候 I remember when I was five or six years old,
父亲告诉我吃这东西可以让身体变得强壮 my father told me you will get strong if you eat it.
他总是这么说 And he kept telling me that.
这是当地的特色吗？ The local Viking speciality?
腐鲨肉 Rotten shark.
你说腐烂，真的腐烂了吗？ And you say rotten, do you mean rotten?
是的，真的是腐烂的 Yes, it is actually rotten.
他们会把鲨鱼身上最好的那块肉切下来 They cut the best pieces of the shark
放在一个盒子里 and put it in a box.
然后把盒子埋在沙子里 They put the box into the sand
让它埋上两个星期 and let it be lying there for a couple of weeks.
你要慢慢的吃 You just eat it slowly,
让这东西在你嘴里停留时间长一点 just let it be in your mouth for a long time.
享受它的味道 Enjoy the taste.
还行吗？ OK?
可怕的味道 It's a formidable scent.
真令人吃惊 That is amazing!
Wow.. Whoa!
有点象... It's like...
蓝纹奶酪 it's like blue cheese,
但味道要浓上一百倍 but 100 times more.
Wow! Wow!
给他一杯杜松子酒 Give him schnapps.
还好，还有东西可以冲淡这股味道 Fortunately, there was something on hand to take the taste away.
这叫“黑死病” That is Black Death.
黑死病和腐烂鲨鱼肉 Black Death and rotten shark.
对 Right.
我记不起上次是什么时候吃过这两样东西了 I can't remember the last time I had those two together.
太棒了，我喜欢！ That's amazing. I like that.
充足的海洋资源使得(维京人)成功在此定居下来 Natural maritime resources led to successful coastal settlements.
但是来到冰岛的维京人越来越多 But as the population grew on Iceland,
后来者只能去别处另寻容身之地 new settlers had to forge lives elsewhere,
去内陆地区建造农场 building farmsteads inland.
我站着的地方是一处牛栏的遗址 I'm standing inside the ruins of a byre for keeping livestock.
这些直立的石块就是一个个的厩棚 These upright stones mark the individual stalls,
这一边大概有七八头牲畜 there'd maybe be seven or eight animals on this side
而那一边也有相同数量的 and the same again on the other,
所以这里大概有十四到十六头牛或绵羊 so maybe 14, 16 head of cattle, maybe sheep.
在岛的另外一边 On other parts of the island,
人们饲养的可能是猪和山羊 they would have had pigs and goats.
人们会从沿海地区买来海藻当做饲料 They would have bought up seaweed from the coast to feed the animals,
这些牲畜也会去吃 and the animals would also have grazed
到处生长的野草 on whatever naturally occurring grasses were all around.
被引入冰岛的各种牲畜 The introduction of domestic animals to Iceland
使得这里的菜谱更加丰富 brought a whole new diet,
但并不比原先的更美味 but not necessarily a better one.
人们把这东西放在外面 That is what they put in the air,
让它自然风干... and let it be just...
就把它放在外面任凭风吹雨淋 They put it in the air and when the wind was blowing, the rain was coming in.
不用煮熟? So it's not been cooked?
根本不煮 Not been cooked at all.
味道很难闻但是吃起来还不错 It smells awful but it is OK to eat.
如果你能吃的了这个... If you eat this...
这不太容易吗? Is this a challenge?
..那你上辈子可能是出身在冰岛的 ..then I think that you were born in Iceland,
前世是个维京人 and have been a Viking in the past.
这味道就象是... There is something almost... almost like the,
呃 um...
坦率的说，象是变质的花或者水果 Well, to be honest, flowers or fruit that has turned and gone bad.
为了能在严冬中生存 To survive the winter,
维京人把每块肉都保存下来 the Vikings preserved every single body part.
没有一丝的浪费 Nothing went to waste.
这可是我第一次吃动物的睾丸 These will be the first testicles I've ever had in my mouth.
真的吗？ Really?
我记得是的 As far as I remember.
好吧 OK.
这味道很有挑战性 That's a challenging flavour.
这会是味觉的冲击 That is a taste sensation.
血布丁、羊脑 Blood pudding, sheep's brain,
甚至羊头都会被吃掉 even the head were all consumed.
这是我最喜欢的 That is my favourite.
我们试试吧 Let's try that.
这是羊舌头 But that is the tongue
是整个羊身上最好的一块肉 and that is the best muscle of the whole lamb.
这是风干羊肉 That's come from the meat that they dry in the wind.
你喜欢吗？ You like it?
是的，很棒！ That's lovely, yes.
很酥软... It's very soft and...
是很好吃 Yes.
我总是跟孩子们说要去尝试新鲜的事物 I'm always saying to my kids that you've got to try things.
任何东西不用在尝试之前就说不喜欢 And that don't tell me you don't like it till you've tried it,
正因为如此 so I felt, on that basis,
这些食物我一定要尝一下再做结论 I had to really give these things a go.
我很能够理解为什么乔纳森这些人 I could easily understand why someone like Johannes,
会这么喜欢这些东西 who's actually got a connection to this stuff,
为什么你会对它上瘾 why you'd become addicted to it.
而且你时常能够让自己记起那些过往 And every now and again, you would want to remind yourself about the past,
你会从这些强烈感官刺激上想起... and you get it from something as strong,
那时也有过相同的感受 you know, the past is strong here.
通过嗅觉或者味觉 You can smell it and you can taste it,
我懂了 and I get that.
如果短暂的夏天和冰封的严冬还不算最糟的话 If unreliable summers and freezing winters weren't bad enough,
维京定居者们还得对付另一个更致命的威胁 the Viking settlers had to contend with another even deadlier threat.
不是来自天上... Not from the skies...
而是来自地底深处 but from deep beneath the earth.
冰岛是个火山岛 Iceland is a volcanic island,
而这本身就是种威险 and that carries its own risks.
这种物质在冰岛到处都是 Scattered all across here is this material,
这是浮岩，火山岩 which is pumice, volcanic rock.
来自赫克拉火山的喷发 Now, that has come originally from Mount Hekla.
就是那边地平线上突起的山峰 You can see the white summit just nosing above the horizon.
公元一一零四年时赫克拉火山有过一次大爆发 Hekla erupted famously in 1104.
那是一次大灾难 It was a catastrophic event.
喷出的岩石和火山灰覆盖了半个冰岛 It scattered ash and debris over half the island.
很多这样的农场被无奈废弃 This farm and many others like it had to be abandoned.
然而性格坚韧的维京农夫 Viking farmers were tough folk, though.
并没有被不时的火山喷发吓跑 And undaunted by the occasional volcanic eruption,
早期冰岛人社区发展得欣欣向荣 the early Icelandic communities thrived.
有趣的是，即使是如此具挑战性的一片土地 And amazingly, they decided that even this very challenging land
也没有让他们放弃自己的努力 wasn't an end to their endeavours.
因为前方还有广阔未知海洋等着他们去探索 Not when there was still a whole lot more ocean to be explored.
公元一千年 And in 1000 AD,
红发埃里克(挪威冒险家)率领一支二十五艘船的舰队 the unforgettably named Erik the Red led a fleet of 25 ships
驶入北大西洋以图找到一块新的殖民地 out into the North Atlantic in hopes of founding a new colony.
他们拥有性能卓越的船只和技术娴熟的水手 They had reliable ships, they were renowned sailors,
即便如此，还是有数不清的水手葬身大海 but even so, there are references to countless people washed overboard,
船只撞上礁石 ships driven onto rocks,
就像”Lost at Sea”里唱的一样 plain old "lost at sea".
红发埃里克的远征开拓了新的殖民地 Erik the Red's expedition colonised
就是现在的格陵兰岛 what we now know as Greenland.
而维京人探索者并未就此止步 But the Viking explorers still weren't done.
在纽芬兰岛都发现过维京远征者的足迹 Evidence of Viking camps has been found as far west as Newfoundland.
还有人认为他们甚至曾经沿着美洲的东海岸南下 And it's thought they even sailed down the eastern seaboard of America.
挪威到纽芬兰岛的距离是四千五百英里 The distance from Norway to Newfoundland is 4,500 miles,
这片陆地在当时是超出人们的认知范围的 and were talking about a time when that land mass was beyond the knowledge,
更别说会有哪个欧洲人达到过 far less than reach, of any other Europeans.
维京人却做到了 What those Vikings did,
这绝对是令人瞠目结舌的 then, was simply staggering.
维京人没有在北美建立永久的定居点 No permanent colonies were ever established in North America.
格陵兰岛的极端气候最终也证明不适合人类生存 And eventually, the harsh extremes of Greenland also proved too much.
而在冰岛，尽管艰难险阻 But on Iceland, despite all the hazards,
维京人还是坚持下来建立了完整社会 the Vikings went on to build a whole new society.
没有了唯我独尊的国王 And, without a king in charge,
他们必须找到全新的管理方式 they had to find a whole new way to govern.
第一批在岛上定居的维京人本质上没有法律约束 The first settlement of the island was essentially lawless.
而两代人之后 But after two generations,
三十六个主要的家族聚在一起 36 of the leading farmers came together
决议组成一个议事会来管理冰岛 and formed an assembly to govern Iceland.
这个议事会被称作”Althingi” It was called the Althingi.
它成立于九三零年 It was founded in 930 AD,
议会每年召开一次会议持续两周 and it met once a year for two weeks,
用来制定法律、裁决纠纷和任命法律代言人 to make laws, to judge disputes, and to appoint a law speaker,
代言人的职责是牢记和叙述法律条款 whose responsibility it was to remember and recite the law.
地处冰岛使得议事会可以选择一个十分特别的地点 But this being Iceland, a special location was chosen for the Assembly.
地壳两个板块的结合处就位于这里 And it's here where two of planet Earth's tectonic plates divide.
因而Althingi横跨着东边欧洲所在的旧世界 So the Althingi straddled the old world of Europe in the east
和西方的新世界 and the new world of the west.
最初的冰岛人选择在这样一个地方 And it seems strangely apt
建立一种全新形式的政府，显得如此恰如其分 that those first Icelanders chose this place to form a new kind of government.
接下来的八百年中政府就在这里举行会议 That government met on this site for the next 800 years,
一直到近代 well into the modern era.
难以置信的是 But what's incredible to me is
一千多年前在此聚会的这三十六个人 that the 36 men who met here, over 1,000 years ago,
无意中孕育了现存于世最古老的民主国家 unknowingly gave birth to the oldest extant democracy in the whole world.
离开冰岛和它的“原始共和国” Leaving Iceland and its proto-Republicans behind,
我回到南边的斯堪的纳维亚 I'm returning south to Scandinavia,
来到距丹麦首都不远处的一处维京遗迹 and a Viking site close to Denmark's capital.
正当挪威人在北大西洋致力于开创殖民地时 Because while the Norwegians were busy creating colonies in the North Atlantic,
他们的家乡也在经历着变化 back in the old world, things were also changing.
十世纪中页时，一个新的王朝统治着丹麦 In the middle of the 10th century, the Danes were being ruled by a new dynasty,
这是维京人形成统一民族国家的开端 that was forging the beginnings of a nation-state.
这个新的王朝就是耶灵王朝 The new royal house was the Jelling dynasty.
这个王朝留下了维京时代最显而易见的遗迹 And there's is the most visible legacy of the Viking age,
因为在十世纪末期时 because towards the end of the 10th century,
耶灵王朝建造了巨量的基础设施 they built an enormous amount of infrastructure -
他们强化城市的防卫 towns were fortified,
在东边建造了巨大的 a huge earthen rampart was built
横贯日德兰半岛中部的城墙 across the neck of the Jutland peninsula
来抵御日耳曼人的入侵 to protect against invaders from Germany.
他们还建造了很多的桥梁和道路 They also built numerous bridges and roads,
还有这个巨大的堡垒 as well as these huge fortresses.
这里位于哥本哈根以东六十英里的特雷勒堡 This fortress is at Trelleborg, around 60 miles west of Copenhagen.
作为王权的象征特雷勒堡会给人留下深刻印象 It's an impressive symbol of royal power.
所有的堡垒都是按照相同的图纸建造的 All of the fortresses are built on the same ground plan.
精确的圆形泥土地基 Perfectly circular earthen bank,
在顶部压上原木的格栅 each topped with a timber palisade
城墙的高度有八米 adding an additional eight metres in height.
特雷勒堡有四个入口 There are four entrances,
堡垒里面则有十六幢房子 and in the interior, there were 16 buildings in there,
(圆形城墙)的每个象限四幢 four in each of the quadrants,
四幢房子都排列成正方形 and in each case laid out in a square.
你不必费力去想象这些房子是怎么样的 But you don't have the try too hard to imagine what those buildings looked like
因为在那边你就能看到房子重建后的样子 because there's a perfectly good reconstruction just over there.
每个堡垒可以容纳五百名 It's thought each of these fortresses housed around 500
训练有素的士兵和他们的家人 trained warriors and their families.
这是中央集权 This was centralised power,
标志了在维京历史的分水岭 and it represented a watershed in Viking history.
这些堡垒的作用远不止于军事防卫 These fortresses were much more than just defensive positions -
它们标示着财富、权力和集中控制 they were very visible statements of wealth and power and centralised control.
大权在握的是丹麦国王—“蓝牙”哈拉尔德 The power was Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark,
他完全控制着他的臣民、土地和资源 and he exercised total control over the people, the land and its resources.
他留给后世的也不仅是这样的堡垒 And his legacy was much more than constructions like this.
他永远地改变了他的国家 He changed his country for ever
他让他的臣民们皈依了现代的宗教—基督教 and he did that by converting his people to the modern religion called Christianity.
从始于罗马帝国末期 Since the end of the Roman Empire,
基督教逐渐成为欧洲大陆的主流宗教 Christianity had dominated religious life right across mainland Europe.
斯堪的纳维亚是仅剩的还流行着异教的地区 Scandinavia was the last outpost of the old pagan ways.
不过不会很久了 But not for long.
里伯是丹麦最古老的城镇之一 At one of Denmark's oldest towns, Ribe,
考古学家们有了令人惊奇的发现 archaeologists are making some startling discoveries.
斯堪的纳维亚最早的基督徒的墓葬 Graves of some of Scandinavia's very first Christians.
我毕生致力于发掘史前遗迹 I spent most of my years digging on prehistoric sites,
当到如此清晰可辨的遗体时 so it's genuinely remarkable for me to see...
我由衷地感到不同凡响 such obvious remains in the ground.
坟墓的轮廓清晰可辨 You can see the clear outlines of the graves,
甚至可以看到棺材痕迹 you can even see the remains of the coffins.
怎么说明这具骨架是一位基督徒的呢？ What is it about the skeletons that says these are Christians?
他们都是... They are all, er...
头东脚西方向面向东方安葬的 east-west burials, with the skull in the west end facing east,
因为基督教教义上说 as the Christian doctrine says.
审判日时你要面对东升的朝阳 You should face the upgoing sun on the Judgement Day.
当号声响起时，耶稣重新降临人间... So when the trumpet sounds, Jesus comes back...
死者会从坟墓中起身，面向东方 And they rise from the grave, facing east.
他们要面对耶稣到来的方向 They're facing the direction he's coming from.
碳同位素显示，最早的墓葬是公元八五零年的 The oldest ones are carbon dated to around 850.
事实上这是斯堪的纳维亚最古老的基督教墓葬 That is actually some of the oldest Christian graves in Scandinavia.
也就是说早在维京时期 So right early on in the Viking age,
这里的基督教墓葬已经在这了 you've got Christian Viking burials here.
孩子们在学校里所学的丹麦历史 So, in terms of official Danish history that children learn at school,
会因为这些发现而产生显著改变 these finds here change that quite significantly.
实际上基督教在这里的存在年代 We actually now have a prolonged Christian period,
比我们本来想的要久远的多 much longer than we first thought,
也就是说异教和基督教曾经共存... meaning that pagans and Christians lived alongside each other
有两百年之久，直至基督教完全取而代之 maybe for 200 years until Christianity completely took over.
似乎这里的维京人是(斯堪的纳维亚)最早皈依新宗教的人 The Vikings here were some of the very first to adopt the new religion.
然而这些最早的基督徒们似乎仍然... But it appears that these first Viking Christians still hung on
保持着维京人海葬的仪式 to their traditional maritime burial rites.
我们发现棺材旁边有这么多铆钉 And then we have all these rivets, set alongside the coffin.
是的，这些铆钉很大 Yes, they are big as well,
好大件的金属 they're big pieces of metal.
是啊，我们希望可以确定这些铆钉是否来自船上 Yes, we hope to find out if this is part of the boat.
也就是说基督徒的墓葬中有船葬的迹象 So you might have within a Christian burial, the suggestion of a boat burial,
或者说是和船的一部分葬在一起 or being buried with part of a boat.
当然，并非这些最早期的基督教徒 Yes, of course, being Christian in these early stages didn't mean
就完全抛弃所有的旧习俗 that you should abandon all your old practices.
他们可能仍然效忠于托奥和奥丁 So they may still be paying homage to Thor and Odin.
而合适的时候，他们会向耶稣祷告 But when it suited, they would just pray to Jesus.
有意思的是这些不仅是维京人... It's amazing to think that these people weren't just Vikings,
和维京传统的产物 and the product of the Viking tradition,
他们同时也具备了基督教的成分 but they were Christian at the same time.
这些墓葬的发掘就像是为维京历史点亮了一盏明灯 Excavating these graves is like turning a bright light onto a few pages of history.
说明维京世界已不再偏居于 They illuminate the moment when the Vikings are no longer just
斯堪的纳维亚而孤立于世界之外了 part of their own private Scandinavian world.
他们将成为整个大画卷的一部分 They're becoming part of a much bigger picture,
他们即将加入世界更为现代化和欧洲化 they're joining something more modern, more European,
而其催化剂就是基督教 and the catalyst for that is Christianity.
整个斯堪的纳维亚地区的维京人都开始转而信奉上帝 All over Scandinavia, Vikings began to turn to the new god.
而这种转变的发生也标志着维京时代的终结 And their conversion would signal the beginning of the end of the Viking age.
这场宗教革命大概始于公元九七零年 This religious revolution was endorsed around 970,
丹麦国王“蓝牙”哈拉尔德 when Denmark's King, Harald Bluetooth,
正式将基督教定为国教 made Christianity his country's official religion.
他希望丹麦人从今往后都转而信仰基督 From here on in, all Danes were expected to worship Christ.
为了庆祝这一时刻 And to celebrate the moment,
哈拉尔国王德建造一座石头纪念碑 Harald Bluetooth installed a huge stone monument.
这里是丹麦最为珍贵的国家宝藏之一 Today, it's one of Denmark's most precious national treasures.
因为游客都已经离去 Because all the tourists have gone,
我被允许进入里面享受一次特权 I've been allowed inside for some privileged access.
曾几何时，这块石头是涂着色彩的 The stone once upon a time was brightly painted -
红色、白色偶尔还有蓝色 red, white and blue, as it happens.
但一千多年来的风化和严冬使之退了色 But 1,000 years of weathering and winter have faded it,
现在的颜色非常模糊不清 so that it's very indistinct now.
我承认现在几乎不可能辨认出来 Now, I'll grant you, it's almost impossible to make it out,
实际上这个图案就是石头上的 but what you are in fact looking at is this image here.
画的是耶稣基督现身荆棘从中 It's Jesus Christ emerging from within a thorn bush.
人们认为这幅图可以解读为... And it's interpreted as a representation of Christianity itself,
基督教从古老异教信仰的荆棘从中脱颖而出 disentangling itself from amongst the thorns of the old pagan beliefs.
实际上这个图案就印在现在丹麦护照的第一页上 This is actually the first page of a modern Danish passport,
这个图案对于丹麦人来说至今还是充满活力的 so that this image is alive and relevant for Danes even today.
传说在哈拉尔德皈依基督教之前曾目击了一次神迹 The story goes that before his conversion, King Harald witnessed a divine miracle.
在一些早期的基督教艺术作品中纪念了这个故事 A moment commemorated in some early Christian art.
这些是嵌在祭坛上的金箔 Here, on these gilded plates, set into the altar.
这片上面的图案是一个牧师正在创造着奇迹 In this one, you can see a priest performing a miracle.
他把手伸进火里 He can extend his hand into the fire
然后再收回来显然没有被烧伤 and then withdraw it, apparently unhurt,
当然他好像戴着巨大的防火手套 although he does seem to be wearing a giant oven glove.
而这里画的是风度翩翩的哈拉尔德国王本人 Then, in this one, we have Harald himself, a fine figure of a man,
他正站在齐腰高的桶里接受洗礼 being baptised while standing up to his waist in a barrel.
图案非常完美 This is all very nice,
但你可以视之为公关宣传 but you can see it as PR spin,
是用来取悦大众的故事 stories to please the masses,
因为哈拉尔德国王皈依基督教一事 because Harald's conversion to Christianity,
毫无疑问都是一次精心计算的政治举动 more than anything else, was a calculated political move.
基督教不仅是一个信仰—它还是一个社会和政治机构 Christianity wasn't just a belief - it was a social and political institution.
它统治着欧洲所有的国家 It dominated every other kingdom in Europe.
“蓝牙”哈拉尔德知道加入了这个俱乐部 And Harald Bluetooth knew that joining the club
将使他的国家免受其强大邻居的入侵 would give him protection from aggressive neighbours.
因为占领基督教袍泽的领地是不合教规的 Because no other Christian ruler could now claim a legitimate right to attack him.
奥托大帝丹麦南方的土地统治着丹麦南面的土地 The land to the south of Denmark was ruled by Otto the Great,
他是萨克斯公爵、日耳曼和意大利国王、神圣罗马帝国皇帝 Duke of Saxony, King of Germany and Italy, and Holy Roman Emperor.
奥托也想把丹麦的国土置于自己的统治之下 And he wanted to add Denmark to his list of territorial acquisitions.
但是哈拉尔德的皈依使得吞并丹麦的野心成为妄想 But Harald's conversion made that impossible, because now the Danes,
因为丹麦人也和他一样都受着同一天主的庇护 like everyone else, were protected by the one true God.
不仅如此 And that wasn't all.
基督教还帮助哈拉尔德国王巩固了国王的统治地位 Christianity also helped Harald to rule as a king, and all because of this -
因为这个—圣经 the Bible.
基督教赋予国王们在同一天主(护佑下)统治国家的神权 Christianity gave kings a divine right to rule under a single god.
勇士奋起反抗推翻旧君主 The days when a brave warrior might rise to fight alongside the old gods
创造史诗般传奇的年代已经一去不返了 through epic earthly adventures was over.
对于被统治者来说，基督教将永远改变他们的生活 For those being ruled, Christianity would change their lives for ever,
一神信仰对维京人内心本质 because conversion to the one true God struck
产生了巨大的冲击 at the very heart of all that it had meant to be a Viking.
看到了哈拉尔德皈依的巨大好处 Seeing the benefits of Harald's conversion,
其他维京统治者们也争相仿效 other Viking rulers started to follow suit.
一个世纪之内 Within just 100 years,
大部分斯堪的纳维亚人都正式成为了基督徒 most of Scandinavia was officially Christian.
古老的维京异教信仰被抛弃了 And as their ancient pagan roots were left behind...
新的民族国家——丹麦、挪威和瑞典由此诞生了 ..the modern nation-states of Denmark, Norway and Sweden were being born.
基督教是这个新世界的中心 Christianity was central to that modern world.
国王是基督徒 The King was Christian.
遍布欧洲的贸易伙伴都是基督徒 The trading partners all across Europe were Christian.
教廷还下令消灭原先的异教信仰 Christianity also dictated that the old pagan beliefs were to be stamped out,
不仅在丹麦，而是遍及整个维京世界 not just in Denmark, but all across the Viking world.
在挪威，颁布法令 In Norway, edicts were issued,
禁止举行仪式召唤巨怪 banning the performance of spells to awaken trolls -
这是被严厉禁止 strict no-no.
我要这个 I'll get that, please.
还有大量类似的法令 There was also a raft of new laws.
(一个月里)只有在特定的几天里可以吃肉 Perfect. Meat could only be eaten on certain days.
还有法令规定一个月中哪几天可以有性爱 Rules for married life even dictated when you could and couldn't have sex.
原先异教中的神就象是平等的朋友 The old pagan gods had been like friends.
如果你献上祭品 Provided you made your sacrifices,
你就期待能得到奥丁和托奥的护佑 then you felt entitled to help from Odin and Thor.
而基督教却并非如此 But the new Christian God wasn't like that.
耶稣更象是一个法官 He was more of a judge.
如果你做错事 他也会受到伤害 If you misbehaved, he was the injured party
而你自己会在来世遭受报应 and you would be made to suffer in the next life.
维京人不再祈望死后能前往瓦尔哈拉殿 (北欧神话中奥丁神的居所) So instead of the promise of Valhalla,
相反他们畏惧死后要永远堕入地狱 now, Vikings learned to live in fear of eternal damnation.
维京人生活的目标完全改变了 The whole focus of Viking life was shifting, away from the here and now,
探险、英雄行为、荣誉 the adventure, the heroic deed, the reputation.
相反他们变得寄望于来世 Instead, it became about hoping for life after death.
这种转变的确让人有点沮丧 And there was something about that that feels a little bit sad.
狂野的北方作为整个维京时代的历史舞台 The wild north that had been the backdrop for the entire Viking world
人们渐渐遗忘了它的神秘莫测和精彩过往 was leaving its mysterious and ancient past behind...
转而投入新的更为欧洲化的时代 and emerging into a much more European age.
皈依基督教和实行王权统治固然很好 It was all very well becoming Christian and exercising royal power,
但要治理一个国家还需要一套有效的管理体制 but to effectively run a state, you also needed an efficient administration
还有税收 and effective taxes as well.
而在北海的另一边就有这方面的大师 And the masters of that operated just across the North Sea -
盎格鲁-撒克逊人 the Anglo-Saxons.
现在，我将前往英格兰 Now, I'm heading for England...
对于九世纪时统治这里的丹麦人来说 ..because for the ninth-century Danes,
这个国家比以往任何时候都更重要 this country was more important than ever...
...作为财源滚滚的税收来源 ..as an easy source of cash.
英格兰已经基督教化好几个世纪了 England had been Christian for centuries, and she was also streets ahead
而在商业方面，她也是维京伙伴们可以仿效的模型 of her Viking counterparts when it came to commerce.
嗨，你好吗？ Hiya. Hi. How are you doing?
请给我四个布林果 Not bad. Can I have four of these Braeburns, please?
谢谢 Thank you.
工匠和农夫们保证了可靠的货物和现金流入 Manufacturers and farmers ensured a steady flow of goods and currency.
谢谢 Thank you.
相对而言，这是一个富裕的商业国家 Relatively speaking, this was a rich trading nation.
有一大批官吏和行政人员管理着这片土地 There was also a huge army of bureaucrats, administrators, to look after the land,
调解纠纷和收税 to dispense the justice and to collect the tax.
中肯地说，这个国家富裕而组织完善 To put it mildly, she was rich and well organised.
公元八六六到九五四的将近一百年时间内 For nearly 100 years, between 866 AD and 954 AD,
丹麦采取了一系列举动 Denmark had had a piece of the action,
坐镇于约维克城控制着约克王国 controlling the kingdom of the York from the Danish city of Jorvik.
之后约克重归盎格鲁-撒克逊人治下 Now though, York was back under Anglo-Saxon control.
“蓝牙”哈拉尔德的子孙们则被迫采取 So Harald Bluetooth's descendants had to resort
一些最为古老的维京策略 to some very old-fashioned Viking tactics.
并非抢劫奴隶或者修道院的财宝 Not that that just meant more raiding for slaves or monastic treasure.
十世纪后半页时维京人有了新的方法 By the late 10th century, the Vikings had a new scheme -
—通过威胁索要进贡 to issue threats and demand tribute payments
比如黄金、(金银币)硬通货 in cold, hard cash.
英格兰拥有当时西欧管理最完善 England had the most well-organised
和最有效的货币(体系) and efficient currency anywhere in Western Europe at this time.
任何时候都有多至七十家铸币厂在运转 They had up to 70 mints active at any one time,
分布在约克，埃塞克特和坎特伯雷 from York down to Exeter and Canterbury.
每家铸币厂都能铸造银币 And each of them would be making silver pennies,
就像这枚 much like this one.
这些都是纯银硬币 So they're all solid silver,
这是他们的统一特征 that's this unifying feature of them,
它们的价值都一样吗？ they've all got the same worth?
完全一样 Precisely, yes.
英格兰拥有精密的货币系统和组织完善的税收 England had a sophisticated coinage system and well-organised tax collection.
而丹麦则两者都不具备 Denmark had neither.
但哈拉尔德的儿子和继承人 But King Harald's son and successor,
斯文·弗克比尔德 Sweyn Forkbeard,
并不认为有改进的必要 didn't see the need for improvement.
特别是当你的邻居表现良好 Not when you had neighbours
而你又能坐享其成时 who did it so well for you.
斯文可能接受过洗礼 Sweyn might have been baptised,
但他的血管里还是流着维京人的血 but his veins ran with Viking blood.
即位之后 And when he came to the throne,
他又一次集结了丹麦长舟舰队起航征伐英格兰 he crewed up the Danish longships once more and set sail for England.
从公元九八零年起 So it's from around the 980s
维京人又开始袭击英格兰 that the Vikings begin to go and attack
意在攫取钱财 and extract money from England again.
英格兰的财富开始大量的流入斯堪的纳维亚 And we see the English coins begin to flow into Scandinavia in massive quantity.
维京人从这个国家攫取了多少财富呢？ How much money are the Vikings taking out of the country?
数目巨大 A very great deal.
从盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史中得知 We know from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that more than £200,000
在991年至1018年间，一共付出了超过二十万英镑 was paid to them overall between 991 and 1018.
英格兰人把银币铸造地如此精确 Are the English producing coins precisely
是因为他们知道维京人会来索取进贡吗? because they know the Vikings are coming and will want paying?
呃，这枚银币就是个最生动地例子 Well, the most vivid example we have of this is this coin here.
其他所有的银币上都会有国王半身像和十字架 With all of these other types, you have the bust of the King and a cross.
而这个银币上印的则是耶稣 But in this case, you don't, you have the Lamb of God
还有圣鸽 and you have the Holy Dove.
这枚银币完全就是对上帝的请求 This coinage is all about an invitation to God,
请求把维京人赶走把安全还给英格兰 trying to get him to send the Vikings away and bring the English to safety.
然而在银币上求助于上帝也于事无补 But, invoking God on their coins didn't help.
向维京人纳贡就像抱薪救火 The more they paid the Vikings off, like any blackmailer,
薪不尽而火不灭 the more they came back with new demands.
意识到了英格兰将会被榨干 Realising that England was being bled dry,
英王决定还击 the English king decided to hit back.
英国国王埃塞雷德 Now, the English king, Ethelred,
后世通常称呼他为鲁莽(Unready)埃塞雷德 we generally know him as Ethelred the Unready.
他得到这个绰号是名至实归的 He was given that nickname, "Unready", for very a good reason.
在古英语中Unready的意思是“欠考虑” In old English, unready means ill-advised,
并且靠不断贿赂维京人(换取和平)的策略相当糟糕 and the policy of continually buying off the Vikings was a pretty poor plan.
1002年时，他做出了一个惨无人道的决定 In 1002, he made a ruthless decision
埃塞雷德下令处死英格兰境内所有地丹麦人 and ordered that all Danish men in England were to be killed.
接下来的惨剧史称“圣布赖斯日屠杀” What happened next is known as the Saint Brice's Day Massacre.
十一世纪时 By the 11th century,
有数千丹麦裔人生活在英格兰 England was home to thousands of born-and-bred ethnic Danes,
这些丹麦家庭已经移居英格兰数代之久了 whose families had lived in England for generations.
但这些人仍然身着独特的服装 But they dressed differently
在社会上特立独行 and they stood out in society.
而现在所有这些人都成了清算的目标 Now, every one of them was a target for revenge.
这里是三个人的遗骸 These are the skeletons of three men.
这些遗骸是在牛津地一个建筑工地挖掘出来的 They were excavated in Oxford during work in advance of a building project.
这里只展示了其中的三具 There's three here on display
但实际上一共有三十八具 but 38 skeletons were found together.
实在没法在这里全部都摆放出来 There are far too many to display here and now,
其他遗骸被小心编号分类后放在这些纸箱里 so the rest are in their carefully numbered and catalogued cardboard boxes.
所有这些人(死时)的年纪都在十六到二十五岁之间 All men, all, as far as we can tell, aged between 16 and 25,
肯定没有超过四十岁的 certainly none of them older than 40.
另人吃惊的是 But what is particularly amazing about them
这些人都是被暴力杀害的 is that they're all the victims of violent death.
真不知道如何开始 I almost don't know where to start.
这副骨骼的主人生前是个强壮的大个子 This individual here, you can tell that he's a big robust character.
虽然如此，他还是被从背后重击在腿上而打倒在地 But for all that, he's been felled initially by a blow to the back of the legs.
比如从背后用剑猛砍 Like a sword swung at him from behind
劈开了肌肉 and it's cut through the muscles
砍断了肌肉、砍断了筋腱 the flesh, the tendons
最后把骨头也砍断了 and finally through the bones themselves.
人的身体就像大树一样倒下 So he's been felled like a big tree.
但他的痛苦还没有完 But that's not the end of it for this guy.
看到头骨上的窟窿了吗？ On this side of the pelvis, do you see that hole?
这是穿刺伤吗？ That puncture wound?
这些窟窿是被 That's where the point of whatever it was,
剑或者矛刺穿的痕迹 spear or sword, went in and out the other side.
头颅骨受伤很严重 Huge damage to the skull.
这个很大的伤口是被重而锋利的剑砍的 Something like a sword or something sharp and heavy has caused
这个人的头骨象蛋壳一样被劈开 this massive slicing blow, it's opened his head up like an egg.
肋骨上也有被砍的痕迹 There are cut marks on the ribs.
这人受了这么多处伤 Too much has been done here.
而任何一处都足以致命 Any one of these wounds would kill the person
这些暴行真是令人发指 - this is crazy violence.
这些人并不是 These are not the kinds of injuries
在负隅顽抗时战死的 that are inflicted on people who are standing up and fighting.
包括后面纸箱里的所有这些人 All of these men - the three here and the rest in the boxes -
都是在逃跑是被杀戮的 were killed, butchered, while they were running away.
有一宗特别确凿的证据显示 A particularly grim piece of evidence suggests
所有这些人都是1002年埃塞雷德屠杀中的受害者 that all these men were victims of Ethelred's massacre in 1002.
头骨的前额这里有焚烧过的痕迹 If you look at this one, you see this burning on the forehead
在头骨的前部 on the front of the skull?
在右手还有更多焚烧的痕迹 And then there's more burning here, on the right hand.
他死后尸体被焚烧过 He's been in a fire somewhere after death.
另外还有一些遗骸也有被烧过的迹象 And some of the other bodies show evidence of burning as well.
发现这些遗骸的牛津郡有篇报告 An account of the killings from Oxford, where these skeletons were found,
记叙了曾有一群丹麦人在一家教堂寻求庇护 records that a group of Danes sought sanctuary in a church.
但最终还是未能逃脱 To no avail.
当地的盎格鲁-撒克逊人把教堂连同里面的人全都付之一炬 The local Anglo-Saxons simply burnt it to the ground with everyone inside.
有一种可能是...只是可能... So it's possible, just possible, that this,
这些人就是 and they, were some of those
一千年前在教堂里避难的那些人 who sought refuge in a church 1,000 years ago,
埃塞雷德国王不顾一切的举动绝对是个错误 for all the good it did them. King Ethelred's desperate action, though, was a failure.
维京人的劫掠丝毫不减 The Viking raids continued unabated.
英格兰很快就屈服了 And soon, England was on its knees.
对于丹麦国王而言，这是他一生中最难得的机会 For the Danish king, it was the chance of a lifetime.
公元1013年，弗克比尔德全面入侵英格兰 In 1013, Sweyn Forkbeard launched a full-scale invasion of England,
他成功了 and it worked.
“鲁莽王”埃塞雷德逃之夭夭 The English king, Ethelred the Unready, simply ran away,
把英国的王位拱手让给了丹麦人 abandoning the English crown to the Dane.
但弗克比尔德的统治非常短暂 But it turned out to be a very short reign.
五个星期之后弗克比尔德就死了 Five weeks later, Forkbeard was dead,
而他之后还有年轻的王子卡努特 but, by his side, was his young son called Canute.
这是个我们都耳熟能详的名字 Now there's a name we're all familiar with.
卡努特是“蓝牙”哈拉尔的之孙 Canute was grandson of Harald Bluetooth
弗克比尔德之子 and son of Forkbeard -
是耶灵皇室的继承人 a continuation of the Jelling royal dynasty.
卡努特人虽回到丹麦 Canute returned to Denmark,
但眼睛却还是紧盯着英格兰的王位 but he kept his eye firmly on the English crown.
仅仅两年之后，他又回来了 Just two years later, he was back,
率领着二百艘战舰和一万名士兵 with 200 ships and 10,000 men.
几场血战之后 And after some bloody fighting,
他成为了整个英格兰的国王 he became King of all England.
每个人都听过卡努特大帝和海的故事 Everyone knows the story about King Canute and the sea -
关于他脱下皇冠放在海滩上 how he ordered that his throne be taken down onto the beach
然后自己也坐在沙滩上 and then he sat there,
当波涛涌过来时 他命令海浪退后 and as the tide came in, he told the waves to turn back.
结果当然失败了 And of course they didn't.
他的脚被海浪打湿了 And his feet got a wet
他看上去有些傻，有些自大 and he ended up looking a bit foolish, a bit arrogant.
但其实他根本不是 But that wasn't what he intended at all.
整件事其实都是一次公关秀 What happened that day was a pure PR stunt.
国王想要他的国民和追随者们看到他只是一个凡人 His subjects, his followers, were supposed to see that he was just a man
而只有上帝才有力量控制日月星辰和潮涨潮落 and that only God had the power to control the sun and the moon and the tides.
用战斧征服英格兰，卡努特显示的是他维京人铁血的本质 In conquering England with an axe, Canute had shown his Viking roots.
但他也决心证明自己同样是虔诚的基督徒 But he was also determined to prove he was a devout Christian king.
集两种强权于一身 Combining both powerful traditions,
他成为了王国的统治者 he would go on to become ruler of an empire,
也是欧洲皇族精英之一 a member of the European royal elite.
去世后，他的墓穴并非葬于土丘下的维京长舟 And when he died, his tomb was no Viking longship beneath a grassy mound.
相反他被安葬在一间大教堂里 Instead, it was a cathedral.
以至于现在几乎没人认为他是个维京人 So that, nowadays, we hardly think of him as a Viking at all.
一千多年前由盎格鲁-撒克逊人始建的 Originally founded by the Anglo-Saxons over 1,000 years ago,
温彻斯特大教堂长眠着几个世纪以来 Winchester Cathedral houses tombs of
英格兰最值得尊敬的大人物和善人们 the great and the good, centuries of England's most worthy.
在中世纪的英格兰 In medieval England,
再也没有比这里更加著名 a more celebrated,
更加适合基督徒安放遗体的地方了 a more Christian location for your mortal remains could hardly be wished for.
如果对方是流淌着维京人血液 So, for a king who was born Viking,
信仰着异教的国王 whose heritage was pagan,
而且还被视为英格兰的血腥征服者 and who was viewed as a brutal conqueror of England,
你可能觉得这里不会是他长眠之地 you might think this is an unlikely final resting place.
而实际上，1035年卡努特去世时 But the truth is, by Canute's death in 1035,
人们尊称他为卡努特大帝 he was known as Canute the Great.
卡努特入侵英格兰是维京人最后的远征 Canute's invasion of England could be viewed as the ultimate Viking expedition.
是北欧传说中盖世英雄的最终谢幕 A rite of passage for a true hero of the Sagas.
历经世间繁华后还是要终老黄泉 Though tradition had it that after your adventures,
自古皆是 you were meant to return home.
大多数维京人最终的归宿就是峡湾的尽头的一小块墓地 For most Vikings, that meant farming a plot of land at the end of a fjord.
而卡努特身为国王 But Canute was King.
他的遗骨被安放于上面的这个棺材里 And his bones are inside that box up there
也可能是那个 or possibly that one...
..或者那个 ..or that one.
这些都有可能 Any of these.
实际上，没人确切知道他的遗体究竟在哪里 The truth is, we don't actually know where his mortal remains really are,
因为在他死后六百年的英国内战时 because during the English Civil War, around 600 years after his death,
圆颅党的士兵用这些棺椁里的骨骸 parliamentarian Roundhead soldiers used the bones inside these reliquaries
去敲碎那些他们视作是偶像崇拜的 to smash out what they regarded
教堂入口上方的彩色玻璃窗 as the frankly idolatrous stained-glass window above the cathedral entrance.
正是大煞风景！ A bunch of killjoys.
之后不久，温彻斯特人用收集起来的碎玻璃 Soon after, the good people of Winchester collected up the glass
重造了窗 and rebuilt the window.
尽管修复后的窗色彩斑斓 Although the colourful patchwork
相比原来有点现代主义 ended up more modernist than medieval.
敲碎玻璃用的骨头也被收集起来 The bones used to smash the windows were collected up too
并被放回到棺椁中 and returned to the reliquaries.
但就像窗一样，是随意安放的 But, like the window, in a slightly random way.
虽然我们不知道他的遗骸究竟在哪 So although we don't know where his bones actually are,
我们还是希望并且猜想他就在上面某个地方 we hope and suspect he's up there somewhere.
卡努特的雄心并不止于统治英格兰 Canute's ambition had extended beyond ruling England.
他的王国还包括了也是苏格兰、丹麦 He was soon King of the Scottish islands, Denmark,
挪威和瑞典部分地区 Norway and parts of Sweden too.
他开创了一个维京大帝国 He had created a Viking empire.
离开英格兰，我南下前往欧洲中心的奥地利 From England, I've come south to Austria, right in the heart of Europe.
卡努特不仅是北方的统治者 Because Canute wasn't just a northern ruler,
他还是位心怀全欧洲的政治家 but an early European statesman.
卡努特英明睿智 Canute was smart.
他很清楚跨国的贸易越繁荣 He knew that more trade across Europe meant
他就能收越多的税金来填充金库 more taxes to fill his coffers.
于是他开始着手对整个欧洲的经济进行标准化 So he set about standardising the whole European economy.
你可能认为欧元是现代才出现的概念 Now, you might think of the euro as a modern concept.
事实并非如此 But it's not really,
十一世纪时 and in the 11th century,
那时货币联盟的中心并不是法国或者德国 it was neither France not Germany that was the centre for monetary union.
英格兰才是 It was England.
卡努特首先统一了斯堪的纳维亚和英格兰的金银币 First of all, Canute standardised Scandinavian and English coins,
这个地区于是有了通用的货币 so that there was a common currency.
接下来就是在帝国内规范“盎司” And then, it appears that right across his empire, the ounce,
这是用来计量金银重量的 the weight that was used for measuring gold and silver, was altered to match up
把它和拜占庭帝国用的盎司单位统一起来 with the ounce of Byzantium, of the Byzantine empire.
那时的君士坦丁堡是世界上 And that was at a time when Constantinople was
最大且最富庶的城市 not only the largest, but also the wealthiest city on Earth.
卡努特正小心翼翼地把他的帝国 Canute was carefully integrating his empire
融入中世纪欧洲的统一市场 into a medieval single European market.
卡努特大帝是位世界级的政治家 Canute the Great was a player on the world stage, and here in Vienna,
陈列在维也纳的这件东西足以证明卡努特的影响力有多大 there's an incredible object that shows us how influential he was.
以及他和传统维京人有多大的差别 And how far he had come from his Viking roots.
登基后的第十年，卡努特出席了一场加冕仪式 A decade after becoming King, Canute attended the coronation
对方是统治中欧大部分地区的神圣罗马帝国皇帝 of the man who ruled most of central Europe - the Holy Roman Emperor.
这就是皇帝加冕时戴在头上的 And this glorious object is what he was crowned with.
它的名字是“Die Reichskrone” It's called Die Reichskrone,
意思是“皇帝的皇冠” the Imperial Crown,
1027年时 and back in 1027,
能出席皇帝的加冕仪式可是件时髦的事 watching this being placed on the Emperor's head was the hot ticket of the season.
王冠上镶嵌了一百四十四颗翡翠 It's decorated with 144 emeralds,
蓝宝石和紫水晶 sapphires and amethysts.
那个年代的人还没有掌握切割宝石的技术 Back then, the technique of cutting facets into precious stones was unknown.
所以，他们只是把宝石表面磨光 Instead, they were polished into these smooth shapes.
所以宝石看上去有点象是一颗颗糖果 They look a bit like boiled sweets, to be honest.
当然它们非常昂贵 Although a lot more expensive.
宝石巧妙的镶嵌使得光线可以穿过它们 And they're then mounted to let light shine through them.
还有四片装饰的金箔画 The final touch are the four picture plates,
描绘的是圣经旧约里的故事 which depict messages from the Old Testament.
最重要最显著的一个 And most important, most tellingly for our story,
是角上的这幅画 is this one on the corner.
画的是耶稣基督被加冕为万王之王 It shows Jesus Christ enthroned as the Lord of Hosts.
他头上面是红色珐琅的拉丁字母 And above his head, in red enamel, are the words in Latin,
"Per me reges regnant" "Per me reges regnant" -
“帝王藉我坐国位” "By me, kings rule."
“君权神授”这个观点这个概念 And this idea, this concept of divinely ordained kingship,
正是卡努特所热心鼓吹的 was something Canute was very enthusiastic about.
神圣罗马皇帝加冕时 When the Holy Roman Emperor was crowned,
卡努特大帝担当了皇家仪仗队员 Canute the Great walked as part of the Imperial procession.
后来皇帝甚至安排自己的儿子 And afterwards, the Emperor even arranged for his own son
娶了卡努特的女儿为妻 to marry Canute's daughter
以期巩固强大的政治联盟 to cement a powerful political alliance.
卡努特出席加冕仪式 Canute's attendance at that coronation
显示了他是当时欧洲主要的政治家 showed that he was a major European player, he had arrived.
他坚信他和神圣罗马皇帝是平起平坐的 And he clearly believed that he was the equal of the Holy Roman Emperor.
返回国内之后，卡努特也给自己打造了一顶同样的王冠 Because when he got home, he had one of these made for himself.
卡努特在位时间不到二十年 Canute's reign lasted less than two decades.
但这段时间内，他完全改变了斯堪的纳维亚世界 But in that time, he had utterly changed his Scandinavian world.
出生时身为维京人 He had been born a Viking,
而去世时却是(基督教)欧洲人 but he died a European.
卡努特有四个子嗣 Canute himself had left four children
而他的帝国也随之一分为四 and his empire was divided.
挪威、丹麦和瑞典不久就有了各自的新国王 Norway, Denmark and Sweden soon found their own new rulers.
伟大的耶灵王朝至此走到了终点 It was the end for the great Jelling dynasty.
随之一起没落的还有——整个维京时代 And, with it, the entire Viking age.
至此，斯堪的纳维亚已不再是异教盛行的穷乡僻壤了 But, by then, Scandinavia was no longer a remote, pagan backwater.
狂暴而劫掠成性的北地蛮夷变成了殖民者、基督徒 The violent, plundering men from the north had become colonisers, Christians,
和帝国的奠基者 nation and empire builders.
这是欧洲历史上一个激情动荡的时代 It had been an incendiary time in European history.
而激荡的岁月最终也毁于自己本身 But it had burnt itself out.
尽管如此，维京人对现代欧洲(形成)所造成的影响 Nonetheless, the impact of the Vikings on modern Europe
是不容置疑的 is inescapable.
(欧洲的)政治、经济、民族和宗教特征的形成 The politics, the economics, the national and religious identities were forged,
至少在一定程度上是受到维京人的开拓影响的 at least in part, by their exploits.
维京人的劫掠遍布整个欧洲北部地区的海岸线 The Vikings had raided and pillaged coastlines across northern Europe.
他们远征到达的范围是任何欧洲人所没有到过的 They'd set out on journeys beyond the knowledge of any other Europeans...
在无人居住的小岛上定居 ..colonised uninhabited lands...
和远在东方的帝国进行贸易往来 ..and traded goods from the distant empires of the Far East.
在短短的两个多世纪内 In little more than two centuries,
维京人扩展了西方的世界 the Vikings had expanded the Western world,
远征到了西边的纽芬兰岛和东方的君士坦丁堡 voyaging from Newfoundland in the west to Constantinople in the east.
维京人到达的范围远远大于他们所能想象的 A world far, far bigger than even they could have imagined possible.
他们至今仍与我们同在 And they're still with us today
在我们的乡镇和城市中，在我们的文化中 in our towns and cities, in our culture,
在我们的语言和血脉中 in our language and in our blood.
还存在于所有的北欧国家中 And in the very existence of the modern nation-states of northern Europe.
但这些并非是让我们牢记他们的原因 But that's not what we remember, or why.
真正让我们难以忘怀的是维京人的神话和传奇 The truth is, the myth and the legend of them,
他们的激情还有探险 the excitement and the adventure,
有一个词将一直在岁月深处回响！ is all there in the sound of one word -
维京 Vikings.
字幕翻译: BY LONELGUY Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd