这里是爱尔兰 'Here in Ireland
有一个(古代)的维京要塞被发掘出土 'evidence is being unearthed of a Viking fortress.'
这个维京据点得以重见天日 The Viking site is re-emerging.
时隔千年之后又一次出现在世人面前 You can see it back again for the first time in a thousand years.
要塞是维京人建在这片重要的商品原产地上的殖民点 This was built to help colonise a land that provided a key commodity
该商品的贸易网一路通往中东 in a trade network that stretched all the way to the Middle East...
奴隶 slaves.
我试图去揭开维京人的真相... I'm finding out the truth about the Vikings.
离开英伦进入他们的领地 Leaving Britain behind to enter their land
和他们独特的神秘世界 and their own mysterious world.
时至今日 Even now,
这里还象是世界的边缘 this place feels like it's on the edge of everything.
身为一名考古学家 And as an archaeologist,
我将从所有的古代遗址中 I'm seeking out some of the most telling evidence of all...
选出最为显著的证据 ..the very remains of the Vikings themselves.
这种炫目的发型增加了他的吸引力 This flamboyant hairstyle just adds to his allure.
上一集中...我找到了维京人在远古时代的起源 Last time, I searched out the ancient, prehistoric roots of the Vikings.
诸如这样的石船只有在波罗的海地区才能见到 It's such a Baltic thing to do.
在英国或者法国从来没有这样的东西 You don't get ship settings in France or in Britain.
现在我将离开斯堪的纳维亚 Now, I'm travelling out from Scandinavia...
去探寻维京人是如何把影响力... ..to explore how the Vikings extended their reach
拓展到这些全新的岛屿的 into new lands...
...建立了庞大的贸易网络 ..building a vast trading network,
从爱尔兰延伸到中东地区 from Ireland to the Middle East.
维京人
我从斯堪的纳维亚的中心地区启程 I'm starting off in the heart of Scandinavia,
前往位于波罗的海沿岸的... heading to the coast of the Baltic Sea -
瑞典首都---斯德哥尔摩 the capital of Sweden - Stockholm.
在斯德哥尔摩 人民的生活和波罗的海息息相关 Here in Stockholm, life is very much about the Baltic.
不列颠岛位于以此往西的远方 Britain feels like a long way away towards the west.
这个国家的近邻是东边的芬兰，拉脱维亚和爱沙尼亚 From here the nearest neighbours are Finland, Latvia and Estonia in the east.
在不列颠人看来... In Britain, the force of the Vikings
维京人是西向而来的挪威人和丹麦人 was Norwegians and Danes sailing westwards.
而另一则全然不同的故事则讲述了 But here it was a different story of settlement and exploration,
一部分经由波罗的海往西进入俄罗斯的维京人 starting on the Baltic and heading east into Russia and beyond.
这些定居点因奢侈品贸易而建立 It was settlement built on trade in luxury items,
交易的奢侈品来自遥远的国度--比如中国 many of them obtained from as far afield as China
但是花费了惊人的人力成本--- but at a dreadful human cost -
不计其数的奴隶在不列颠和爱尔兰被驱赶上船 countless slaves rounded up from their homes in Britain and Ireland
一路东行前往遥远未知的国度 and shipped eastwards for unimaginable lives in far-off lands.
这话故事的主轴不是由北往南 It's not a story of north and south
而是由西向东.... but rather of an east-west axis
始于八世纪持续百余年的维京远征 and of a Viking footprint that began in the eighth century and in just
使其印迹深深烙在了大片广袤额土地上 100 years or so was planted firmly over a vast tract of territory.
这是维京人贸易帝国的开端 It was the beginning of a Viking trading empire.
瑞典的考古学家发现了证据 Here in Sweden archaeologists have discovered evidence
足以证明这个庞大贸易网络曾远至东方 of one of the extremes of this network far to the east.
这些是阿拉伯迪拉姆... These are Arabic dirhams...
铸造地是塔什干，巴格达和撒马尔罕 ..minted in places like Tashkent and Baghdad and Samarkand.
那些外来的名字 Those exotic names,
这些远赴重洋来到斯堪的纳维亚的钱币 and yet these pieces found their way back to Scandinavia
数量众多…有成千上万枚这样的钱币 in truly vast quantities, tens of thousands of coins like this.
这些钱币是在一些富裕的维京定居点发现的 These were found in rich Viking hordes,
距离钱币的铸造地有两千五百英里远 2,500 miles from where they were minted.
这些项链也原产于中东 Also Middle Eastern in origin are these necklaces
是水晶石的 made of rock crystal beads.
如此色彩斑斓…极尽奢华 They're so colourful, they're almost gaudy.
最棒的可能是这条不起眼的东西 Perhaps best of all, this unprepossessing sliver here
这是产自中国的丝绸 is a piece of Chinese silk.
在我看来...金银意味着财富 To me, gold and silver are statements of wealth,
而至于丝绸...则是奢华了 but with silk, you're talking about luxury.
其外观...更重要的是其触感 The way it looks, but more importantly the way it feels.
所有这些都使得居于瑞典的维京人 All this kind of material makes the people of Sweden
有别于他们的近邻 different from their neighbours,
这些人虽然偏居于欧洲边远西北部的 because although they live on an outcrop of north-western Europe,
一隅之地 out on the edge of the world,
但他们拥有通往东方和中国的通道 they have connections that reach all the way to the Orient and China.
为了追逐这些维京商人的足迹... To track down those Viking traders
我远渡波罗的海 I'm crossing the Baltic,
前往俄罗斯及其文化之都--圣.彼得堡 heading for Russia and its cultural capital - St Petersburg.
从沙皇时代起这座城市就一直是俄罗斯的象征 This place is such a symbol of Russia from the time of the tsars
在苏维埃时代这里被改名为列宁格勒 and then its reincarnation as Leningrad during Communist rule,
现在城市又改回了原来的名字 and now reinventing itself again,
难以置信的是... but incredibly,
一直到十七世纪这个地方并不在俄罗斯的统治下... this part of Russia as late as the 17th century wasn't under Russian rule.
它属于瑞典 It was Swedish
这座城市最深的印迹是维京留下的 because the deepest heritage here is Viking.
我们十分沉湎于到达不列颠和 爱尔兰的维京人的故事 We're so obsessed with what the Vikings got up to in Britain and Ireland
而对来这里的那部分维京人则几乎完全忽略了 that the folk who came here tend to be completely overlooked.
事实上在俄罗斯和东欧所发现的维京器具 The fact is more Viking artefacts have been found here in Russia
比在整个西欧所发现的总和还多 and Eastern Europe than in the whole of Western Europe put together.
有一些遗物被收藏于这里... Some of the relics preserved here
俄罗斯最著名的博物馆 in Russia's most famous museum -
这里的藏品为我绘制了一幅全然不同的维京人画卷 The Hermitage - paint a completely new picture of the Vikings for me.
不是(印象中)虬髯长发好战的入侵者 Not one of bands of bearded men out on warlike raids,
而是过着定居生活的普通人 but ordinary people, living settled lives.
这个东东 This wonder
是双漂亮而保存完好的皮鞋或者长筒靴 is a magnificent, well-preserved leather shoe or ankle boot.
你瞧这做工... Look at the workmanship in this.
鞋带应该是从这里穿过去 Here's where the lace would have gone to hold it in place
绑在脚或脚踝上 around the foot and ankle.
穿着这样的鞋子应该很漂亮 This has been worn to make someone look good,
鞋子的主人应该很在意自己的仪表 somebody who cared about her appearance
可能穿着很入时 and presumably wanted to appear fashionable.
而这个...是一根纺纱杆 And this, it's a distaff,
它是纺纱机的一个部件... part of the quite simple equipment needed
用来把羊毛织成线 to spin wool into thread.
这东东之所以特别... What makes this one especially memorable
是因为这个光滑的侧面上... is this carefully prepared smooth face,
...刻着的维京符号 into which have been etched Viking runes.
这个是维京人的作品 This is Viking writing.
类似于诗歌的东西... This, it's thought, says something poetic like,
"自上而下" "clad from above
"纺锤穿梭" "the spindle is spinning.
"妙目少女织了长长的线" "Starry-eyed maiden will have a long thin thread.
"这是纳鲁克的纺纱杆" "Navluk owns this distaff."
在考古发现中古物 So often when you find archaeological artefacts,
人们通常无从得知... you're left to wonder helplessly about
它的制造者...它的拥有者 who made it and who owned it
还有谁把它留在了这里... and who left it behind,
而这次我们知道了 but here, we know.
纳鲁克...一个目若朗星的维京少女 Navluk, a starry-eyed Viking maiden.
我们对男性维京人关注了很多 So much attention is given to Viking men,
而令人印象深刻的是 it's striking that the
...这群东方边陲的拓荒者中也包括了女性 pioneers of this eastern frontier also included women.
这东西来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛之外的 The objects come from one of the very earliest Viking communities
一个早期维京社区 outside of Scandinavia,
(这种社区的建立)是建立庞大贸易王国的第一步 one of the first steps in the creation of a vast trading empire.
为了探索这些东西的源头.. To discover the source of those artefacts, I have to head
我从圣.彼得堡往东九十英里 前往一个河边的小村庄 90 miles east of St Petersburg to a tiny riverside village.
这个地方叫斯塔亚.拉多加 It's called Staraya Ladoga
维京人的扩张之旅就是... and it's here in the rural backwaters of western Russia
..从这个俄罗斯西部边陲的荒野开始的 that the story of Viking expansion begins.
时至今日这里还像是世界的边缘 Even now this place feels like it's on the edge of everything.
感觉身处边远 It feels remote,
感觉被空旷的荒原包围 it feels surrounded by wilderness, nothingness really,
当最早的维京拓荒者们发现这个河边空地时... so what on earth must it have been like for the first Vikings,
这里究竟是什么样子的呢... who found this place beside the river
而且拓荒者们还决定留下来... and furthermore decided to stay,
之后又安了家还有商店 actually to set up home and shop?
这里肯定是荒凉至极的地方 It would have been wild in the extreme.
在这里发现的维京人的印迹 最早可追溯到公元七五三年 The very earliest Viking finds from here date back to 753AD -
比有史可查的第一次维京劫掠不列颠还早一代人 a generation before the first recorded raids on Britain.
因而这个位于俄罗斯的偏远定居点 So this Russian outpost marks some of the very earliest evidence
是维京人在斯堪的纳维亚家乡之外 留下年代最为久远的证据 of the Vikings outside their Scandinavian homelands.
这里很快就成为了一个据点 And this soon became the gateway to a route that would
它连接的商路一直通向君士坦丁堡甚至巴格达 stretch as far as Constantinople and even Baghdad.
这条路只有借助河流才能走通 A route that could only be tackled by river.
早上好，维京人... Morning, Vikings.
我该在哪里？ Where can I be?
在这吗？ Up here?
这些俄罗斯的维京迷们 试图驾驶一艘维京船的复制品 Using a replica Viking boat, these Russian enthusiasts
去重现如何开辟出一条通往东方的终极之路. are figuring out how the Vikings made extraordinary journeys east.
河上的冰太多了无法驾船行驶 Today there's too much ice on the river to launch our own boat so just
我们只能象八世纪时的维京人一样抬着船走 like the eighth century Vikings, we've got to shift it ourselves.
这正是让船在陆地上前行的方法 This is just the way the boat has to be moved on dry land.
假如遇到了障碍--比如激流，瀑布或者冰块 If it got to an obstacle - rapids, waterfall or ice -
他们就必须把船拖出水， they have to take the boat out of the river
绕开障碍 或者找到另外一条河 and either go round the obstacle or find another river.
这是唯一的办法 This is the only way to do it
船就这样支在圆木上向前滚动 so it's just rolled over land on these logs.
可能这样移动的距离最短 Hopefully over the shortest possible distance.
完全是一码一码...一英尺一英尺的往前进 It's literally yard by yard, foot by foot.
哦...天哪 Oh, God!
想象一下去一个地方要花多长时间啊 Imagine how long it would take to get anywhere.
当你离开在瑞典的家乡 You leave home in Sweden,
乘船度过波罗的海 cross the Baltic in ships
不时需要把所有的东西都放进船里... and then get everything into boats like this
就像现在 and every now and again
把船拖出水... you've got to take the boat out of the water
这样拖着在陆上前进 and move it over land.
这些人出去一次至少要好几年 These guys must have been away for years at a time.
(有水时)驾船航行...(没水时)拖着船走 By navigating the Russian rivers and lugging their boats
需要的话维京人可以... when necessary, the Vikings could transport themselves all the way
从波罗的海一路来到里海和黑海 from the Baltic to the Caspian and Black Seas.
这样很花时间也很艰苦 It's time consuming and it's laborious
但这里有足够的人手能推动这样大小的船 but there's enough men here to move a boat this size
这样做是行得通的 so the system does work,
正如被历史所证明的一样 as history shows!
沿着俄罗斯的河流一路东行 The journeys east along the Russian rivers demanded incredible
(完成)这样的旅程需要高超的组织艺术 feats of organisation,
操船技术和耐久力 boatmanship and endurance.
除了需要克服严苛的自然环境外 And as well as overcoming the physical hardships,
一路之上维京人还要对付那些... the Vikings had to find ways of dealing with the very strange
陌生的而通常十分残暴的当地人 and often very violent locals they encountered along the way.
在那些东方人的眼中维京人也同样生 For the people from the East, the Vikings also seemed strange.
伊斯兰学者撰写的当代见闻录 Preserved in contemporary accounts written by Islamic scholars
生动的描写了 are vivid descriptions
他们是如何看待这些来自北方的陌生人的 of how they saw those strange people from the North.
阿拉伯学者詹姆斯.蒙哥马利 Arabic scholar James Montgomery
研究了一位中东旅行家的笔记 has studied the remarkable written records of a Middle Eastern traveller
他名叫伊本.法德伦 called Ibn Fadlan.
我从没见过谁的身体比他们更棒 "I've never seen more perfect bodies than theirs.
他们就像是芭蕉树 "They were like palm trees."
接下来这些美妙的句子我非常喜欢 And then there's this absolutely fantastic phrase which I just love.
他们长着红色…鲜红的头发 They're red, bright red, light haired,
就像是燃烧的火焰 they're like a burst of fire.
他写道"从指尖一直到到脖子" He says, "From the tip of their fingers right up to their necks,
"每寸皮肤都画着深绿的树和图形" "every one of them is covered in dark green trees and shapes
"还有其他东西" ... "and other things."
纹身 Tattoos.
然后他继续描述维京女人 He then goes on and describes what the women look like,
十分有趣的是他们的妻子都陪伴在身边 and this is really interesting, because they are accompanied by their wives.
书上讲"每个妇女都有一个箱子" It says that, "Each woman has some form of a box
"铁质的或者银的，要么是铜的或金的" "made of iron or silver or bronze or gold,
这取决于她的丈夫有多富有 "depending on how much money her husband has.
盒子上都有个环 "And every box has a ring
环上都系着把匕首 "and from the ring there is a dagger suspended."
他们是定居下来开始殖民呢还是继续东进？ Are they settling and colonising in the East or are they just moving through?
我们再翻到文章的另外一段… Well, if we turn to another one of the texts that we have with us today,
可以看到这句句子写道"他们都定居了下来" we can see a sense that they are both settling,
"但是没有种任何庄稼" but they are not setting down any particular roots.
他写道"他们没有土地播种庄稼" So he says, "They don't have any fields that they sow,
"他们没有村庄" "they don't have any villages,
"他们没有农业" "they don't have any agriculture.
"他们只做买卖" "The only thing they do is trade
"他们买卖的是貂皮，松鼠皮还有别的各种皮毛" "and that is trade in martens and squirrels and other pelts."
至此书上为我们描绘的… So I think the picture that we have at this point
是一幅市集的画面 is of a set of trading emporia.
下船…做买卖 You get off your boat, you do your trade,
搭个小棚或小摊… build a couple of huts or whatever
然后回到船上 and then get back on the boat.
这位伊斯兰作家 The Islamic writers
还给来自北方无畏的商人们起了个名字 even had a special name for the intrepid merchants from the North.
他们称(维京人)为"罗斯"(Rus) They called them "the Rus,"
意思是"划船的人" which means something like "the men who row".
显而易见他们的影响有多大 And it shows how influential they became,
因为…最终…这片土地名叫"俄罗斯"(Russia) because, after all, this land is now called Russia.
不可思议的是世界上最面积最大国家的名字… It's remarkable to think that one of the biggest nations in the world
居然是自在这么一群维京人 gets its name from the Vikings,
他们在河流上纵横驰骋 who navigated its waterways
在陆地上建立买卖市集...然后定居殖民 setting up trading posts and colonies as they went.
这些人的目标是世界上最大的城市---君士坦丁堡 Their target was the greatest city on Earth - Constantinople.
刚开始研究维京人时 When I started looking into the Vikings,
我并没有想到居然要远赴斯堪的纳维亚以南一千五百英里 I didn't think I'd have to go 1,500 miles south of Scandinavia
去那揭示维京人的秘密 to find out about them.
但现在我来到了亚洲大陆的门户 But here I am, in a city that's the gateway to Asia -
--伊斯坦布尔 Istanbul.
历史上叫君士坦丁堡 Once known as Constantinople.
对于维京人来说，这辉煌的城市 For the Vikings, this glorious city
是他们远征的顶点 was the culmination of their journeys.
这面城墙里面 Because, within its walls,
是世界上最大的市集之一 were some of the greatest markets in the world.
初来乍到维京人当时就给跪了 For a Viking, this would have been all but overwhelming,
因为这个市场的规模远远大于… because this is on a completely different scale
…他们之前见过的任何一个 from anything he would have witnessed before.
熙熙攘攘的人流远不止数以百计 Instead of hundreds of people,
而是数以千计甚至数以万计 here there would have been thousands or even tens of thousands
来自世界各个地方 and from all over the world.
还有来自世界各地的好看的好听的和好闻的 And then, there were all the exotic sights and sounds and smells.
绝对是感官的盛宴 It's all but an assault on the senses.
麻烦的是君士坦丁堡(的统治者)管控严格 The trouble was that Constantinople was tightly controlled
他们制定了严格的贸易配额，税率甚至是移民条例 with strict trade quotas, taxes and even immigration rules.
十世纪上半页时他们批准维京人可以进城 But, by the early 900s, the Vikings had been granted access.
你会讲英语吗？ Hey! Yes? Do you speak English?
朋友，我会讲英语 I speak English, my friend.
能给我一百克这种红色的香料？ Can I have 100 grams of the red spice?
一百克 100 grams.
好的，还要其他什么吗？ OK. Something else?
不用了，就这些.多少钱？ No, that's all. How much?
曾几何时...维京人买进做工精细的丝绸 Once here, they could buy finely woven silk
需要与之重量相等的黄金来交换… worth its weight in gold in exchange
而卖出的是来自北方的珍宝 for their own exotic wares.
产自波罗的海的琥珀和北极的皮草 Baltic amber, Arctic furs,
还有维京人最重要的商品-- and the Vikings' most important commodity of all -
奴隶 slaves.
维京人要在城里居留三个月以上 Any Viking who spent three months or more in the city
才有资格买入价值相当于两个奴隶的丝绸 was entitled to buy silk up to the value of two slaves.
丝绸价值连城 And that silk was so valuable,
这使得旅途中的一起艰苦都显得物有所值 it made the perilous river journeys to get here more than worthwhile.
一个商人在一两年里能赚到的钱 A merchant could earn, in just a year or two,
甚至比斯堪的纳维亚家乡 more wealth than a prosperous farmer back home in Scandinavia
一个农夫一生攒的还要多 could acquire in an entire lifetime.
有一些维京人在君士坦丁堡安了家 Some Vikings made Constantinople their home.
其中一位甚至在这座城市留下了痕迹 And one of them even left his mark on the city,
…在这星球上历史最悠久和最神圣的地方 in one of the most historic and holy places on the planet.
--这里是圣索菲亚教堂 This is the Hagia Sophia.
你所见的大部分建于公元六世纪 Most of what you're looking at was built in the sixth century,
就是说维京人出现在这里时 which means that, by the time the Vikings turned up,
教堂已经在这很久了 that building was already old.
圣索菲亚教堂最初建成时是基督教的教堂 Hagia Sophia was built as a Christian church.
而后来被改成一座清真寺 'And it later became a Muslim mosque.
我周围全都是… 'All around me are remnants
有一千多年历史的基督教和穆斯林崇拜的遗迹 'of over 1,000 years of Christian and Muslim worship.
而其中有一个角落是属于维京的 'But one tiny corner is Viking.'
这些刻在大理石上的黑线是维京人的符号 These dark lines etched into the marble are Vikings runes,
…是古维京文字 ancient Viking writing.
这些文字几乎已无法解读了 They're almost indecipherable.
其中最清楚只有一个人名… The only bit that's in any way clear is part of someone's name,
一个男人的名字 a man's name -
哈夫丹 Halfdan.
剩下的部分的意思可能是"到此一游" And the rest of it is assumed to read "was here".
所以这个涂鸦的意思应该是"哈夫丹到此一游" So you've got, "Halfdan was here" or made these runes.
我们无从得知哈夫丹是谁 We'll never know for sure who Halfdan was,
但很有可能他是 but it's possible that he was
拜占庭王国近卫军的成员 a member of the near-legendary elite bodyguard of the Byzantine emperor,
就是所谓的瓦兰吉卫队 the so-called Varangian Guard,
卫队负责在特殊场合保护国王的安全 who escorted the Emperor on special occasions
比如特别的庆典 and for special ceremonies.
我们来想象一下... So we can allow ourselves to imagine
有一天，哈夫丹在这里站岗 that, one day, Halfdan was up here on duty
那是个冗长而乏味的宗教仪式 during a long, boring religious ceremony.
为了打发无聊的时间 And to pass the time,
他在石头上刻下了这些 he carved his name and some words into the stonework.
这几个字生动地道出了 These few lines are such a moving, visceral reminder of
原籍瑞典的维京人 just how far the Swedish Vikings had come
自从离开了波光粼粼的波罗的海远行 与家乡已经有万里之遥了 since they first set out across the glassy Baltic Sea.
然而维京人留在在君士坦丁堡的印记 只是故事的一方面 'But what's left in Constantinople is only part of the story,
因为他们一路东行途中所有的收获 'because everything the Vikings achieved on their journeys east
反过来也对他们的故乡产生了巨大的影响 'also had a huge impact back home.'
离开伊斯坦布尔，我又返回瑞典 From Istanbul, I'm heading back to Sweden.
我的目的地是一个小岛 My destination - a tiny island,
距离斯德哥尔摩仅一箭之地的比尔卡 just a stone's throw from Stockholm, called Birka.
现在的与比尔卡是偏僻的乡村 Hello. Hello. Welcome. Thank you! Can we head off? Yes.
它的位置与世隔绝 Today, it's a remote rural place.
使得一千多年来比尔卡 And its isolation from the modern world has meant
几乎没有显著改变过 that Birka has been remarkably undisturbed for over 1,000 years.
在比尔卡，我们能够一瞥(生活在这里的) 人们日常生活的痕迹 In Birka, we should glimpse traces of everyday life,
不是战士的…而是那些普通劳动人们的日常生活 not the lives of the warrior class, but ordinary working people.
因为这里保存的不仅是一个城镇 Because what's preserved in Birka is more than just a town,
而是完整的文化 it's an entire culture.
瑞典考古学家夏洛特.赫登谢纳-约翰逊 Swedish archaeologist Charlotte Hedenstierna-Johnson
十年来从事比尔卡维京遗址的发掘 has been excavating Viking Birka for a decade.
在所有的维京城镇里，比尔卡处于什么地位呢？ In the league of Viking towns, where does Birka rank?
如果让我说的话…它是最棒的 If you ask me, very top.
第一吗？ Number one?
是的 Yeah. OK.
比尔卡曾是斯堪的纳维亚城市中心之一 Birka was one of the very first urban centres in Scandinavia
它因国际贸易而繁荣 and it thrived on international trade.
比尔卡就象是个百货公司… So Birka is like a department store
你能买到衣服 where you can get clothes,
你能买到珠宝和家具 you can get jewellery, you can get furnishings for your home...
武器还有食物… Weaponry, food...
应该说是进口食物 Imported food, I should say.
嗯…香料和纺织品 Um... Spices, textiles.
你发现了些什么东西？ What kind of things do you find?
在这里挑出很多有价值的东西吗？ You know, is it rich pickings out where the people lived?
是的，相当的多 Yeah, it's very rich pickings.
金银的吗？ Gold and silver?
不，这次不是 No, not today.
这个东西完美揭示了当时这里的人究竟在干什么 Now, this is a very good example of what they actually did here.
经商是一切的中心 Their trade is at the heart of everything.
这是个铁质的砝码 This is an iron weight.
这个不是用来称货物重量的对吗？ So this isn't for weighing the goods themselves.
不是的 No.
这东西是用来称金银的重量的 This is how you make sure someone's paid the right price.
完全正确 Exactly.
因而他们使用这些砝码的时候 So, by the time they got these weights,
是否已经从…原始的以物易物阶段 they've moved from, you know,
过渡到…建立基于白银的价格体系吗？ simple barter to objects having an established value in silver?
是的，是的…还要更加先进 Yeah, yeah, much more advanced.
他们已经接近于建立货币系统 It's coming close to a monetary system.
然而比尔卡远不止是个市集 But Birka was far more than just a market.
这是一个完整的社会 This was a whole society
有个军营还有个工业区 with a garrison and an industrial area
还有市场和居民区 as well as markets and residences.
对于维京人来说，比尔卡是个全新的世界 For Vikings, places like Birka were a new world.
它的城市生活… It was about urban living,
国际贸易中心的生活 it was about life in an international trading centre
还有和远至爱尔兰和君士坦丁堡的 and it was about having connections, contacts,
人们的联系和接触 with people living as far afield as Ireland and Constantinople.
住在这里的维京人显然想要后世记住自己 And the Vikings who once lived here clearly wanted to be remembered.
这些高高低低的土丘... These humps and bumps are the unmistakable outlines
显然就是这些维京人坟墓的轮廓 of Viking burial mounds.
遍布在我周围向四面八方延伸… They're all around me here, they stretch off in every direction.
有人算过比尔卡岛上明显可见的坟墓就至少有三千个 It's reckoned that there are at least 3,000 visible graves in and around Birka.
考古学家们曾经在一些富商的墓葬中发现… Within these graves, archaeologists have found the remains
来自东方的陪葬物 of wealthy merchants with Eastern goods.
甚至一千年前的儿童的墓中也有发现 And even their Viking children who lived over 1,000 years ago.
这副遗骨保存的异常完好 It's an unusually well-preserved skeleton,
特别是这是一副儿童的骨骸 especially given that it's the skeleton of a child.
无从判断她的死因是什么 There's nothing on the skeleton to reveal how she died.
那将永远是个谜了 That will remain a mystery.
而通过分析我们知道... But we know from analysis that she was no more
她死去时年龄的不大于六岁 than maybe six years old when she died.
之所以肯定地说这是位女性 And I can confidently say SHE
是因为棺椁里的那些陪葬品 because of the things that went into her coffin with her.
她戴着亮晶晶的玻璃珠项链 She was wearing a necklace of brightly coloured glass beads,
银色的金色的还有蓝色的 silver and gold and blue in there.
另外她的衣服搭在胸前 … Also, her clothing was fastened across her chest
用装饰精美的镀金胸针固定 with a very heavily decorated gilded brooch.
胸针背面有些痕迹 And on the back of the brooch, there's the impression
是固定在背面的织物留下的 of some of the fabric that it was holding in place,
这是做工精细的昂贵织物 and it's a very finely made, expensive fabric.
我不知道这究竟是什么 We don't know quite what it was,
但这一定值很多的钱 but it would have cost a lot of money
而且这很可能是外来进口的 and it may well have been an exotic import.
她穿着十分贵重的衣服 Because she was expensively dressed,
所以她显然是来自富裕家庭 she was obviously the daughter of a wealthy family.
女孩的陪葬物品告诉我们她来自比尔卡富商之家 The wealth here tells us that she was part of Birka's trading elite.
所有来自东方的奢侈品都在比尔卡都有 In places like Birka, all those luxury Eastern goods could be found,
只要你要付的起钱 but they also had to be paid for.
皮草可以通过打猎或者买卖得到 Furs could be traded and trapped.
而琥珀可以在地上找到 Amber could be found in the ground itself.
然而维京人的财富大部分来自奴隶 But much of the Vikings' wealth depended on slaves.
奴隶是则只有通过武力来取得 And THEY had to be taken by force.
去过东方后，现在要我西行… Having travelled east, I'm now heading west,
前往维京人贸易网络的另一端 to the other extreme of the Vikings' trading network.
都柏林--爱尔兰首都 Dublin, Ireland's capital,
由挪威维京人在公园八四一年建立 was founded by Norwegian Vikings in 841AD.
都柏林是维京人最重要的基地之一 Dublin was one of the Vikings' most important bases
也是爱尔兰的第一座城市 and Ireland's very first town.
人们通常认为维京人来此... It's often thought that the Vikings came here
是为了劫掠爱尔兰修道院里的金银财宝 to raid gold and silver treasures from Irish monasteries.
但事实证明驱动着维京人扩张到爱尔兰的动力 But it turns out that the engine behind the Vikings expansion into Ireland
其实是种重要的人类商品 was that oh, so important human commodity -
奴隶 slaves.
这里的证据就揭示了维京人来此的目的 In here is evidence of what the Vikings came here for.
都柏林的一些地方到处都是这东西 Part of what Dublin was all about.
这些是铁制的奴隶项圈和链条 These are slave collars and chains made of iron.
你能想象戴着这东西有多不舒服 You can imagine the discomfort, never mind the humiliation,
更别说在脖子上戴这么个东西还有链条栓着有多耻辱了 of having something like this placed around your neck with a chain attached.
那时一个男性奴隶的售价是十二盎司的白银 The going rate for a male slave at the time was 12 ounces of silver.
而一个女性奴隶则值八盎司 And a woman could be had for eight ounces of silver.
对付不同的俘虏 There were even different kinds of chains and collars
甚至还有不同类型的链条和项圈 for different classes of captives.
看看这个 Look at this.
奴隶戴的项圈和链条通常很难和"奢华"联系起来 It's hard to use terms like "luxury item" in relation to a slave collar and chain,
但脖子上戴着这个项圈的奴隶 but everything about it seems to speak
似乎配的上这个词 to the status of the person whose neck it was once around.
用华丽来形容豪不为过 It's nothing less than ornate,
工匠花了很多的功夫让这东西看起来... quite a lot of work has gone into making this look
就和戴在贵妇脖子上的昂贵项圈别无二致 like the kind of collar you would put round an expensive neck.
因而这东西可能是给(被俘的)爱尔兰国王戴的… So perhaps this was briefly worn around the neck of an Irish king
直到交清赎金被释放 before his ransom was paid
或者同意签订一些特别的条约 or he agreed to some specific set of terms.
如果一座城市的存在和发展 And it's harrowing to think a city owes its foundation,
哪怕在一定程度上… its existence, at least in part,
源自一个文明对人口买卖的需求时 那是很让人悲伤的 to one civilisation's appetite for buying and selling human beings.
都柏林很快崛起为欧洲最大的奴隶市场之一 Dublin quickly grew into one of the largest slave markets in Europe,
它吸引了来自五湖四海的商人们 attracting merchants from all across the continent.
据记载，公元八七一年有两百艘 In 871, it was reported that 200 ships arrived
满载着盎格鲁，不列颠和皮科特奴隶的船来往于此 packed with Angles, Britons and Picts.
这是有组织的非法买卖人口 This was organised human trafficking
其规模甚至能和... on a scale that even bears comparison
一千多年后美洲拓荒早期的奴隶买卖相提并论 with the early years of the slave trade to the Americas, almost 1,000 years later.
难以置信的是，考古学家发现了 Incredibly, the remains of some of the very early pioneers
一些早期的奴隶贩子的遗物 who came to seek their fortune in the slave trade have been found.
考古学家琳赛.辛普森最近检验了四具… Archaeologist Lindsay Simpson has recently examined four skeletons
在都柏林定居点原址发现的遗骸 on the site of the original Dublin settlement.
怎么能确认这是维京人而不是本地人的骨骼呢？ How can you tell that this is a Viking and not a local?
是，这是很好的问题 Yes, very good question.
简而言之，结论来自他被安葬的形式 Well, we knew by the way that he was buried, is the short answer.
他不是以基督教的方式安葬的，不像爱尔兰人那样 He wasn't buried in a Christian burial, as an Irish person would be.
他是个异教徒，他有陪葬品 He's a pagan, he was buried with grave goods, which is not something
而信奉基督教的爱尔兰人不会这样 that happens with Irish people who are Christian.
从他的骨骼分析…你觉得他生前是什么样的 Based on his skeleton, what do you think he looked like in life?
他身高约五英尺九英寸 He was probably five foot nine,
以那个时代的人中算是高个子了 which is very big for that time.
你看他的骨骼相当粗壮 You can see that his bones are really quite enormous.
你看他的腿骨 And when you look down at his legs,
腿骨异常强健有力 his legs are incredibly powerful.
他上臂这里有一条明显的痕迹 The upper shoulder here, you can see the strong lines
这是他的韧带在骨骼上磨出的痕迹 where the ligaments have actually worn a groove in the bones.
这是繁重的体力劳动造成的吗？ Is that happening during hard physical work?
这是挥动手臂造成的 This has happened through rotation movement.
因而他日常生活很多时间... So a big part of his daily life involved some kind of
手臂要做转动和往复的运动 rotational, repetitive movement.
他要么常挥剑战斗要么常划桨 So this could be either sword fighting or it could be from rowing.
因为维京人一直要划桨... Cos they would have been doing an awful lot of rowing.
有趣的是…所有这些重体力活 It's always amazing to me that all of that hard work -
划桨…挥剑，都在骨骼上留下了痕迹 rowing, swinging a sword, it's all written into the bones.
你生前如何使用骨骼都会在你死后反映出来 Everything you do with your skeleton is reflected at the end of the day.
他生前身材高大…肌肉发达…面目凶恶 And he was a very bulky, stocky, scary guy.
你肯定不想和这样的人做对 You would not want to meet this individual,
尤其是当他戴着全副装备之时 especially not when he had all his paraphernalia with him.
显然，和在俄罗斯的瑞典维京人一样 It's clear that, just like the Swedish Vikings in Russia,
很多来到挪威维京人没有再返回家乡 many of the Norwegian Vikings who came here didn't go home again,
而是选择在这里安家 but decided to settle.
随着都柏林的兴起 With Dublin established as a thriving base,
来自挪威的维京人开始在更大范围内安家 the Vikings of Norway began to settle more widely,
在爱尔兰的大部分地区，还扩展到了苏格兰 over large parts of Ireland, much of Scotland,
马恩岛还有威尔士沿岸 the Isle of Man and coastal Wales.
都柏林曾是这片广阔的海洋王国的中心 Dublin was the centre of this vast and expanding sea kingdom.
它掌控着爱尔兰海... It commanded the Irish Sea
还有北去往苏格兰 as well as the sea routes headed north to Scotland,
南去威尔士...东到英格兰的海路 south to Wales and east to England.
坐镇在这座前沿城市的维京人掌控着这一切 From this frontier town, the Norsemen commanded it all.
但是他们并不仅仅满足于控制海路 But the Vikings weren't content with just controlling the sea routes
和安家在贫瘠的土地上 and settling barren land.
他们野心远不止于此 They had much greater ambitions.
从俄罗斯延伸到爱尔兰的这个庞大贸易网络 A vast Viking trade network from Russia to Ireland
使得维京人殖民点的的分布越来越广 had led to increasingly widespread Viking settlement.
而在他们家门口就有一件(天赐的)奖品 But there was one more prize that lay right on their doorstep.
英格兰 England.
麻烦的是…不像地广人稀的俄罗斯 The trouble was, though, that unlike the great wilderness of Russia
或者部落统治的爱尔兰 or the tribal lands of Ireland,
英格兰是宝贵的黄金国度 the valuable, golden land of England
已经有组织良好的老住户了 already had some well-organised sitting tenants.
盎格鲁-撒克逊人 The Anglo-Saxons.
离开了都柏林，我又前往牛津 Leaving Dublin behind, I've come to Oxford,
这里曾经是英格兰最强大的威塞克斯王国的一部分 once part of Wessex, the most powerful of all England's kingdoms.
就在这里 And it's here that
我们将会见到那个时代最伟大的珍宝 one of the greatest treasures of the age can be seen.
一件盎格鲁-撒克逊杰作 An Anglo-Saxon masterpiece.
这是阿尔弗雷德之宝 This is the Alfred Jewel.
它如此价值连城…任何人都不允许触摸 It's so irreplaceably valuable that I'm not even allowed to touch it.
坦率说它的价值完全值得上 Which, frankly, given the price on it, is a relief!
这件宝物曾属于九世纪时威塞克斯王国的阿尔弗雷德大帝 This once belonged to Alfred the Great, King of 9th-century Wessex.
他是当时英格兰最有权力的人 The most powerful man in all of Britain.
它是由黄金珐琅和水晶制成的 It's made of gold and enamel and crystal.
而远比这些原料令人心动的是... But, more impressive than the raw materials, by far,
制作这件宝物所展现的高超技艺 is the artistry that's gone into making it.
做工如此精美…它的一端是 So finely worked, and it terminates
一个漂亮而怪异的兽首 in this weird and wonderful head of a beast.
关于这件宝物的用处多年来有过不少的争论 There's been a lot of theory over the years about what it was for.
是戴在王冠上的的饰品？ Could it be a centrepiece for a headdress, making it a crown jewel?
是国王脖子上的挂件吗？ Could it have been worn as a pendant on a chain around someone's neck?
目前比较流行的意见是… 这是一个指针的柄 The abiding theory now is it's the handle of a pointer.
可能有一小段… It would have been a little piece
加工过的漂亮象牙… of maybe worked ivory, something suitably glamorous,
含在怪兽的口中 in the mouth of the beast.
这东西可能是用来指点"泥金写本"上的文字的 And then it could be used to point out lines and words on an illuminated manuscript
稿本本身就十分珍贵而不能用手接触 that was itself too valuable to be touched.
这是为了阿尔弗雷德打造的 This was made for King Alfred.
兽首周边的文字刻着 The letters around it say,
奉阿尔弗雷德之命打造 "Alfred ordered me to be made."
就是这么件小小的东西 And right here, in this tiny object,
却象征着倾国之富… is a powerful statement of wealth
无上权威和学富五车 and authority and commitment to learning.
你能够想象... And you can only imagine what it did
当维京人知道在这里有这么件宝物 in the hearts and minds of Vikings,
而他们有机会将其占为己有时 when they knew that objects like this
他们会怎么想... were here and that they could get their hands on them.
在斯塔亚.拉多加建立后大约五十年 Around 50 years after the foundation of Staraya Ladoga,
而在阿尔弗雷德国王出生前五十年 and 50 years before the birth of Alfred,
不列颠和维京人有了第一次接触 the British had their first taste of the Vikings.
公元七九三年六月八日 On the 8th of June 793,
诺森伯兰海岸的平静被打破了 the peace of the Northumbrian coast was shattered.
一群维京人发动了突然袭击 A band of Vikings launched a surprise attack
目标是...林迪斯法恩的修道院 on the monastery at Lindisfarne.
他们处死了大部分修道士 They hacked most of the monks to death
偷走了不设防的宗教宝藏 and stole the unguarded religious treasures.
这对于不列颠的盎格鲁-撒克逊人来说这不啻于一次911 It was the 9/11 moment for Anglo-Saxon Britain.
相同的事情没有再重演 Things could never be the same again.
从那时起住在海岸附近修道院里修道士和修女们 From that moment, monks and nuns living in monasteries
不得不面对恐怖袭击的威胁 all around the coastline had to accept the threat of terror attacks.
杀戮，奴役或者所有的厄运 Murder, enslavement, all of it,
随时可能出现在不远处的地平线上 could come at them from just beyond the horizon.
这次袭击带来的前所未有暴行 The unprecedented violence of this raid
炙烤着这个国家的灵魂 seared itself into the nation's psyche.
正是诸如此类的劫掠， For all their other endeavours,
让维京人被人所铭记 it's raids like this for which they've been remembered.
而发生在林迪斯法恩的袭击 But the brutal attack on Lindisfarne
仅仅是个开始 was just the beginning.
公元八六五年，一伙为数三千人来自丹麦的维京人 In 865AD, a combined alliance of around 3,000 Vikings,
踏上英格兰的土地 mostly Danes, arrived on English soil.
他们来此的目的不是做买卖也不是抢劫 Their aim wasn't trade, or another attack.
而是…夺取整个英格兰 It was conquest of the whole of England.
当三十个维京人都被称作是一支军队时 At a time when a band of 30 men was routinely described as an army,
这样(三千人)的队伍是真的要认真应对了 this was truly a force to be reckoned with.
盎格鲁-撒克逊人把他们称作异教徒大军 The Anglo-Saxons called it The Great Heathen Army,
这伙人的目标不仅是劫掠金银和奴隶了 and it wasn't just a raiding party, intent on slaves and gold.
异教徒大军旨在征服一切 The Great Heathen Army wanted everything.
为了达到此目的，他们必须先打败盎格鲁-撒克逊人 And to get it, they would have to take on the Anglo-Saxons.
征服英格兰要比维京人 The conquest of England would be a task far greater
之前完成的任何一个任务都要宏大的多 than anything the Vikings had ever attempted before.
英格兰分裂成四个强大而组织严密的王国 England was divided into four powerful, well-organised kingdoms.
诺林伯利亚...东安格利亚 Northumbria, East Anglia,
麦西亚...和威赛克斯 Mercia and Wessex.
维京人需要击败全部四个国家才能取得胜利 To succeed, the Vikings would have to defeat them all.
经过数年的血腥战斗 After a few brutal years of fighting,
在攻陷了诺林伯利亚和东安格利亚之后 and the deaths of the Northumbrian and East Anglian kings,
维京人在公元八七三年夺取了英格兰的中心地带 in 873, the Vikings turned to the very heart of England.
当异教徒大军到达雷普顿时 When The Great Heathen Army arrived here in Repton,
他们是来攻打麦西亚的 they'd come to take Mercia.
当今的雷普顿是个远离交通要道的小镇 Now Repton's small and out of the way today,
而一千年前这里则是麦西亚最重要的城市 but 1,000 years ago, it was the most important town in Mercia.
麦西亚当时在英格兰是排名第二的强国 And Mercia was the second most powerful kingdom in all of England.
维京人兵临雷普顿 When the Vikings descended on Repton,
他们把圣.威斯坦教堂改成了运作中心 they transformed the sacred church of St Wystan into a centre of operations.
从外面看这塔并不高 The tower doesn't look very tall from the ground.
实际上很高…我保证! But it is. I can assure you!
这是维京人朝着占领整个英格兰迈出的一大步 It was a huge step along the way to controlling the whole of England.
好…看这边 Well, there you go.
整个塔兰托山谷在我面前展开 The whole of the Trent Valley laid out before us.
一直延伸到地平线的薄雾中 Stretching right off into the haze on the horizon.
顺着那里的墓地的方向看 If you look down just beyond the graveyard,
小河往那边延伸 you can see a stretch of water.
那个是很久之前塔兰托河道的遗迹 And that's a relic of a much older course of the River Trent.
应该就是在那个地方 维京人把船拖出水... And it's right there that the Vikings would have pulled up in their ships,
在河岸登陆 come out onto the bank,
然后接管了城池 to set about the business of takeover.
你能明白为什么雷普顿对于维京人这么重要 And you can see why Repton mattered to them.
站在塔顶…你会觉得自己就是这里的主宰 From up here on the tower, you feel like the master of all you survey.
维京人作为出色的军事家 And the Vikings, great strategists that they were,
他们意识到雷普顿是打开麦西亚大门钥匙 they realised that Repton was the key that would unlock Mercia for them.
教堂庭院里 In the churchyard,
考古学家发现了维京人堡垒的遗迹 archaeologists have found remnants of the Vikings' fortress.
这是上世纪八十年代教堂进行考古发掘时的地图 This is a map of the excavations that were done around the church in the 1980s.
来看看这些天才是怎么干的？ Look at the genius of what's going on here.
我们看到城墙的三边建成D形 We've got a D-shaped enclosure
而把小河当做其城墙的第四边 with a fourth side created by a river.
维京人是伟大的战术家 And, great tacticians that they were,
维京人甚至把基督教堂… the Vikings here have even employed the Christian church
改造成了进出堡垒的防御通道 and turned it into a defensive gateway into their fortress.
天才! Genius!
维京人甚至把教堂庭院… The Vikings even used the Christian graveyard
当做埋葬自己这些异教徒的墓地 to bury their own, pagan dead.
就是在这里发现的考古证据 This is where archaeological evidence
让我们能与这些异教徒大军面对面 brings us face-to-face with the men of The Great Heathen Army.
这里就是八号坟墓 Just here is grave number eight.
这是迄今为止在不列颠找到的 最重要的维京人墓地之一 That's one of the most important Viking graves ever found in Britain.
我现在站的位置一定就是墓地的所在 I must be just about standing on the spot.
就是在这里了 Just about here. Imagine that!
就是在这里，考古学家发现了... Right here, archaeologists discovered the remains
一具六英尺高的骸骨 of a six-foot-tall skeleton.
这是位维京人战士中的精英 A quintessential Viking warrior.
他被以异教徒方式的埋葬 He was buried in the pagan style,
陪葬品是他生前最珍贵的财产 with his most precious possessions,
这些东西现在被保存在德比博物馆 preserved today at the Derby Museum.
这些是其中最重要的几件 These are some of the most important things
都是雷普顿武士的陪葬品 that the Repton Warrior was buried with.
维京人的信仰是这样的... The Viking belief dictated that
一个人来生所需要的物品 whatever you needed and wanted in the next life
都要随着他的遗体陪葬 had to go into the ground with you.
首先，你会需要完美的兵器 First of all, you've got the perfect weapon.
兵器不仅是在战斗中使用的工具 Which is not just giving him the ability to fight,
还能显示主人生前的身份 but it says something about who he is in life.
普通维京战士的兵器不会是这样的 Now, it's no ordinary warrior that's armed like this.
绝大部分人的兵器相当简单 The vast majority are armed with something that's quite simple
而且便宜…就像斧子 and cheap to make, like axes.
而宝剑则完全是另一个数量级的 A sword is of a different order of magnitude.
你以为你看到的是铁的剑身…但不是 You feel as if you're looking at the iron blade, but you're not.
深褐色其实是种伪装 The brown colour is deceiving.
这其实是套在铁剑外的剑鞘 This is actually an iron sword in a scabbard.
剑鞘是木头的 It's a wooden scabbard
里面有羊毛的内衬保护刀刃 with a fleece lining to protect the blade,
而外边有皮套 and then on the outside, there's a leather casing.
佩戴着这种宝剑上战场的人 So a man on the battlefield with a sword
就已经会引起别人注意了 is already someone you would notice.
而如果这位戴着宝剑再加上剑鞘…则又更进了一步 But a man with a sword and a scabbard is another step up again.
因而这个人显然是维京武士中的首领 So this man was clearly a leader amongst his own kind.
宝剑固然令人印象深刻 A sword is always an impressive thing to see,
而尤令我感到感动的是… but for me, it's just as affecting
另外一件他想带着前往来世的物品 and moving to see the other items that he wanted with him.
这是一把小银鎚 This is a little silver hammer.
它戴在雷普顿武士的脖子上 The Repton Warrior was wearing this around his neck
就像基督徒戴着十字架一样 in the same way that a Christian would wear a cross.
这样使他能和托奥神相沟通 It's connecting him physically to the god Thor.
托奥是古代北欧(神话)中三大主神之一 Thor is one of the big three Old Norse gods,
当然也是士兵和武士的朋友 and he was definitely the soldier's, the warrior's, friend.
士兵们觉得托奥能理解他们 They felt that Thor understood them.
托奥的武器是一柄传说中的鎚--Mjolnir Thor was armed with a legendary hammer called Mjolnir,
鎚的威力足够劈开一座山 and with it, Thor could level mountains.
对于象雷普顿武士这样的人来说 For a man like the Repton Warrior,
他所有的一切都是为了能有一个理想的结局 everything about him was building to one ideal conclusion.
他想要在战场上英雄般战死 He wanted a heroic death on the battlefield
这样他就能够前往阴间--瓦尔哈拉殿堂 that would guarantee him access to the next world, which for him was Valhalla,
在那里他能够和其他英雄并肩作战 which was a place where he would fight all day with other heroes
一起欢宴 and then feast all night.
这是维京人完美的天堂 It was the perfect Viking heaven.
而对于盎格鲁-撒克逊人，这可是个天大的噩耗 For the Anglo-Saxons, this is the worst-case scenario,
因为维京人的意图就是要奋战至死 because it's in the Viking mindset to fight to the death.
而盎格鲁-撒克逊人必须面对的就是这么一群人 And it's a horde of men who think like this that the Anglo-Saxons here had to face.
东英吉利…诺林伯利亚…最后是麦西亚 East Anglia, Northumbria, and finally, Mercia,
都落入丹麦人之手 all fell into the hands of the Danes.
只有阿尔弗雷德的威赛克斯王国抗住了攻击 Only King Alfred's kingdom, Wessex, withstood the onslaught.
即便如此，威赛克斯王国也没法把维京人全部逐出 But even he wasn't quite strong enough to drive them out completely.
最终他们签署了和平协定 So eventually, a peace treaty was agreed,
协议规定切斯特城和泰晤士河一线 the terms of which basically gave the Vikings control of a territory north of a line
以北地区的控制权归维京人 stretching between Chester and the Thames.
这片地区史上称为"丹麦律法区" The territory became known as the Danelaw.
这里基本上就是丹麦维京人的殖民点 It was basically a Danish Viking colony.
我现在旅行的这片区域… All of this land that I'm travelling through now
那时都在丹麦维京人的控制之下 was under Danish Viking control.
维京人在英格兰的所作所为是没有先例的 What the Vikings did here in England was unprecedented.
他们取得英格兰不是通过定居或者扩张 The taking of England wasn't settlement or expansion.
而是通过战争征服 It was conquest, by war.
这和他们在其他任何地方的方式都截然不同 It was different from anything they were to do anywhere else,
而结果也是独一无二的... and the result was unique,
在北部维京文化和盎格鲁-撒克逊文化熔合在了一起 a fusion of Viking and Anglo-Saxon culture in the North
时至今日英格兰北部 that even today gives Northern England
还保留了不少与众不同的特质 so much of its distinctive character.
丹麦律法区的建立 The establishment of the Danelaw
实际上是划定了(英格兰的)南北分界线 essentially created our North-South divide.
后来成为丹麦律法区的首府的城市是约克 The city that became the capital of the Danelaw was York.
维京定居者开始蜂拥进入… And Viking settlers started flooding in to what was already
这座盎格鲁-撒克逊人的重要英格兰城市 one of the most important Anglo-Saxon centres in England.
这里展示的所有东西都说明维京人曾经到过约克 All of these items here shows that there were Vikings in York.
这些都是传统的来自维京的东西 They're classically Viking material.
梳头和打理头虱的梳子 The comb for personal grooming and taking care of head lice.
可能是产自波罗的海的琥珀首饰 You've got amber jewellery, possibly from the Baltic.
这是海象牙齿做成的骰子 This is a gaming piece, and it's walrus ivory,
最远可能来自格林兰岛 maybe from as far away as Greenland.
都是我们印象当中的维京人的东东 So it's precisely the sort of stuff you expect from Vikings
这些东西的主人都是带着产自世界各地的商品 and from people who are trading,
来商业中心--约克经商的人 at a time when York has become a centre with material coming in from all over.
维京人的商业活动使得约克兴旺起来 On the back of Viking trade, York boomed,
成为了一座繁荣的城市 and became a thriving city,
(在不列颠)仅次于盎格鲁-撒克逊人的伦敦 second only to Anglo-Saxon London.
城市的人口从两千增加到了一万 Its population exploded from 2,000 to 10,000.
而对于定居在这里的维京人来说 But for the Vikings who settled here,
(住在约克)是种十分陌生的经历 it was a very strange experience.
约克和比尔卡或者都柏林都不一样 York was quite unlike Birka, or even Dublin,
更不用说斯堪的纳维亚的乡下了 let alone the farmstead settlements of most of Scandinavia.
而城市生活也会有不好的一面 And the new city life had some very serious downsides.
幸好我可以带上手套搞这些 I'm quite glad to be putting on gloves,
因为这些东西是古维京人的粪便... because these contain Viking excrement.
粪便的碎屑...是从粪坑里拣来的 Fragments thereof. It's all been collected from cesspits.
化验这些东西 Examination of this, though,
肯定不会有趣 glamorous though it certainly isn't,
但是这里面包含了很多信息 is very informative,
因为我们能以此分析出那时的人们的食物是什么 because this contains traces of what the people were eating.
分析后得知他们吃糠...谷类...和坚果 You get traces of things like bran, cereals, fruit stones.
从某种程度上可以说他们的饮食相当健康 So we can tell that, in some ways, their diet was quite healthy.
而最重要的信息是... However, most tellingly of all,
他们的粪便中有很多寄生虫的虫卵 the excrement is full of eggs left behind by intestinal parasites. Worms.
这在当时是不可避免的 It was unavoidable.
由于当时的卫生条件 And it was caused by the sanitation,
或者坦率说...根本没有 or frankly, the lack of it.
那时没有下水管道 There wasn't the infrastructure for running water.
大部分人只能在空地上便便 So, by and large, people had cesspits in their yards.
人们的生活场所距离自己的垃圾和排泄物很近 They were living close to, surrounded by, their own waste, their own infections.
这种状况危害很大 That took its toll.
超过百分之五十的维京女人寿命不超过三十五岁 Something like 50% of Viking women were dead at 35.
男人稍好一点能活到五十岁 Viking men were lucky to make it to 50.
尽管在城市生活有弊端 Despite its drawbacks,
约克还是发展成了手工业和设计的中心 York became a place of manufacture, craft and design,
当然也是殖民和贸易城市 as well as trade and settlement.
在此出身的第二第三代维京人 As the second and third-generation Vikings grew up here,
不可避免地(和当地人)在语言和血统上相互融合 there was inevitable integration of people and language.
现代英语中有多少词汇 How many of the words we use every day
是来自古维京语呢？ actually have their roots in Viking words?
有很多很多日常的词汇都是 Lots and lots of really basic everyday words.
比如你刚刚用到的词"ROOT" So a word you've just used, "root," itself probably comes from Old Norse.
很可能就来自古维京语的英语 Comes through the Viking side of English's ancestry.
我们周围市场里的东西有吗？ What about things around us in this market?
有啊，比如EGG，SKIRT Well, things like eggs, skirts,
我看见那里有BAG I see some bags over there.
SKY...WINDOW The sky, windows,
除了这些…我还能想到SKIN，LEG，SKULL… other things that I can see include skin, leg, skull...
都是些很简单的单词对吗？ So very simple words?
非常简单而基本的单词，都是事物的名称 Very simple, basic words for things, yeah.
还有些单词描述我们的感受和对外界的反应 Also words which describe how we feel and how we react to stuff.
比如ANGRY，HAPPY，ILL So if you're angry, if you're happy, if you're ill...
这些单词也是吗？ 这些单词都源自古维京语 Those words as well? All these words come from Norse.
也有基本的动词 Basic verbs as well.
比如GIVE，TAKE，GET，CALL等 So, give and take, get, call.
语言是否会揭示维京人殖民地的范围？ Does language reveal anything about the extent of Viking colonisation?
呃…最简单的办法就是 Well, the easiest way to tell that
从地名来判断 is by looking at the evidence of the place names.
柴郡到萨福克郡一ß线东北部地带 Anywhere in a band across the North and the East,
有很多古维京地名 from Cheshire right down to Suffolk,
这些地名全部或者部分来自维京 there are lots of Old Norse place names.
比如以BY结尾的地名 Words which are wholly or partly from Old Norse. So anything involving '-by'. B-Y.
象GRIMSBY(格林斯比) Places like Grimsby...
或者WHITBY(惠特比)，SELBY(塞尔比) Or Whitby. Whitby, yes. Selby.
BY是什么意思呢？ And what does the '-by' mean?
BY的意思是定居点或村庄 ...农场周边的地方 "-By" seems to mean a settlement, village.
其他还有很多例子 Somewhere round a farmstead. There are lots more.
真是有趣... It's amazing, isn't it?
这些一千两三百年前到达这里的人们 We're talking about people who arrived, you know, 1,300, 1,200 years ago,
而他们的语言时至今日还在我们身边回响 and yet the words they brought with them are still echoing around us today.
他们好像还在附件 你说的很对 They're all around, yes. That's right. That's right.
当你来到这里 When you come to a place like this,
这的周围到处是维京人留下的东西 is easy to see the impact that Vikings have had on us.
不仅是地名... And it's not just the place names
或者我们日常的使用的单词 or the words in our everyday language.
维京已经成为了我们的一部分 The Vikings are part of who we are.
他们在此建立城市定居并且和当地人通婚 By setting up their own towns, and by marrying the locals,
维京人的血液已经和我们的互相融合了 their blood mixed with our blood.
至今一直与我们同在 And they're still here with us today.
始于入侵和战争开始 What started with attack and war became,
而终于相互同化...和历史上所有的入侵者一样 as so often with invaders, assimilation.
流血杀戮终将让位于文化融合 Bloodshed giving way to a new cultural fusion.
对于维京人而言，这些不仅仅... But for the Vikings, this wasn't only something that happened
发生在盎格鲁-撒克逊人的英格兰 with the Anglo-Saxons of England.
这种过程是全球性的 It was global.
结束我的旅程前，我还将最后一次返回斯德哥尔摩 To end my journey, I'm returning to Stockholm one last time.
因为在这座地处东西南北地理交汇点 Because right here, at the geographical hub of East and West, North and South,
并位于维京贸易网络中心位置的城市里 at the heart of the Vikings' trading network,
有件东西能够成为 there's something that epitomises
维京贸易王国通达四海的象征 the global reach of that trading empire.
而且能生动地说明 And it also graphically illustrates
维京人曾和多少外部文明有过接触 just how many cultures the Vikings were exposed to.
这批珍宝来自波罗的海上的一个小岛 A collection of treasure discovered on a little Baltic island
原本属于一个维京家庭 was once the property of a single Viking household.
来看看这三样奇妙的东西 Look at these three marvels.
它们被统称为海尔格之宝 They are known collectively as the Helgo Treasure.
都是在同一间屋子里发现的 They were all found together in one house.
第一件...这是主教的手杖 First of all, there's a bishop's crosier,
手杖的端部刻着精美的装饰 which is the headpiece that would be on top of a staff
主教手执牧杖象征着他的职务和身份 carried by a bishop as a mark of his office and status.
手杖上所有的装饰都是典型的爱尔兰式样 Everything about its decoration is typically Irish.
它是怎么来到这瑞典小岛的呢？ How did it come to be in an island in Sweden?
我们说起过维京人抢劫爱尔兰的修道院 Well, we've talked about raids on Irish monasteries,
很有理由相信... and it's very believable
这件东西是在某次抢劫中被带走的 that this has been plundered during one of those raids.
第二件是个...长柄勺 Next here, we have a ladle.
这东西是用在宗教仪式上的 It would've been used in religious ceremonies,
比如洗礼 specifically for baptism.
(神父)拿着它把圣水浇在 It's to pour water over the head of someone
皈依基督教的信徒的头上 who's being welcomed into the Christian church.
这把勺子是用黄铜打造的 It's made of bronze,
它可能来自北非 and it's probably from North Africa.
主教的牧杖和科普特教派的长柄勺固然已经很罕见 The Christian crosier and Coptic ladle are incredible objects.
还有一件和它们一同发现的东西... But there was something found beside them
更加让我觉得不同寻常 that I find even more extraordinary.
这是一尊黄铜的佛像 It's a bronze Buddha.
它可能来自... This was probably made
印度次大陆的北部 in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
象巴基斯坦或者阿富汗 Maybe Pakistan or Afghanistan.
它可能走过了丝绸之路 And it has made its way here, likely, along the Silk Road.
经过很多人的手 Passing through many hands,
到过君士坦丁堡...到过俄罗斯 going through Constantinople, through Russia,
最终来到的海尔格 and eventually finding its way to Helgo.
在这斯堪迪纳维亚中心地带的遥远北方 Within the heart of Scandinavia, in the far north,
看到几件分别代表着... you have objects that represent
罗盘上另外三个方向 the other three points on the compass.
西...南...东 West, South, and East.
来自非洲，爱尔兰和印度的产品 The products of Africa, Ireland, and India,
出现在同一个地方 and in one place.
在一个波罗的海的小岛上 One little Baltic island.
这几乎是难以置信的 It's almost inconceivable.
有幸看到它们真是美妙 Quite marvellous to behold.
维京人到访过的地方真是太大了 Think how far the Vikings have come.
离他们发动第一次攻击仅仅短短一百或者一百五十年 It's only 100, maybe 150 years, since those first raids.
而此时这些维京人... But by now, those Vikings
他们的足迹已经遍及了已知世界的每一个角落 have stretched their hands across the face of the known world.
维京人来了 The Vikings have arrived.
下一集中 Next time,
维京人会远赴未知的大陆 the Vikings head for unknown lands.
维京人扮演的不再是侵略者和商人 The Vikings were no longer just raiders and traders.
从那时开始他们将是探索者和冒险家 From that moment onwards, they were explorers and adventurers.
他们开始成立强大的国家 They begin to form powerful nation states.
我们为哈罗德施受洗礼 We have Harold himself being baptised.
最后...向异教的维京诸神告别 And finally, say goodbye to their ancient pagan gods,
而加入欧洲的基督教王国之列 to join the kings of Christian Europe.
字幕翻译: BY LONELGUY Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd