约克 York.
罗马人建造的城市 Founded by the Romans,
落成于公元九世纪 by the 9th century AD,
这里曾经是盎格鲁-撒克逊人最大的基督教城市之一 this was one of the great Christian cities of Anglo-Saxon England.
然而约克受到过一次巨大的震荡 But York had a shock coming.
公元八六六年，一支军队占领了此地 Because in 866 AD, an entire army arrived here,
使这里变成维京人的领地 turned the place Viking
并把城市更名为"约维克" and called it Jorvik.
这座城市，连同半个英格兰 This city, and half of England besides,
都成为了斯堪的纳维亚的一部分 became part of Scandinavia.
甚至直到一千多年后的今天 'Today, even over 1,000 years later,
劫掠成性的维京战士给人的印象仍然是勇猛嗜杀... 'the image of the marauding Viking warrior is as strong as ever...'
...尤其是在此地 Thank you. '..especially up here.'
我们所知的或者说是我们自以为知道的维京人 What we know, or think we know, about the Vikings
其实远比现实中的维京人神秘 is much more myth than reality.
甚至连著名的牛角头盔也是后世所虚构的 Even the famed horned helmets are a modern invention.
那么维京人到底是些什么样的人呢? So, just who WERE the Vikings?
我试图去揭开维京人的真相... 'I'm going to find out the truth about the Vikings...
离开英伦进入他们的领地 '..leaving Britain behind to enter their land
和他们独有的神秘世界 'and their own mysterious world.'
时至今日，这里还象是世界的边缘 Even now, this place feels like it's on the edge of everything.
这次旅程将带我游历整个斯堪的那维亚地区 'It's going to take me all over Scandinavia...'
你有地图吗? Do you have a map?
甚至更加深入 '..and far beyond.'
这些都是阿拉伯货币迪拉姆 These are Arabic Dirhams,
在巴格达等地铸造 minted in places like Baghdad.
作为考古学家 'And, as an archaeologist,
我将从所有的古代遗址中 'I'll be seeking out some of the most telling evidence of all...
选出最为显著的证据 '..the remains of ancient people...'
这种炫目的发型增加了他的吸引力 This flamboyant hairstyle just adds to his allure.
还有这些他们遗留后世的耀眼宝藏… '..and the stunning treasures they left behind...
...深入了解维京人的意识思想... '..all to get inside the heads of the Vikings themselves.'
哇！这东西怎么会已经有一千年了啊？ Oh, wow! How can that be 1,000 years old?
…用他们的视角探寻真实的维京人 'The real Vikings - from their point of view.'
维京人
我来到了挪威从这里开始了我的研究 'To start my investigation, I've come to Norway...'
烟熏三文鱼 Smoked salmon.
特别是卑而根 '..in particular, Bergen,
这个濒临大西洋惊涛骇浪的港口 a port that faces the wild Atlantic Ocean.'
如果我想要理解维京人的起源 If I'm going to understand the origins of the Vikings,
那么这里应该是个不错的起点 then this is the place to start,
因为在公元八世纪末期 because at the end of the 8th century,
很有可能装载着第一批劫掠者的船只 it's likely that the ships carrying those first raiders
正是从这里的海岸出发的 set out from this coastline.
难以置信，一千二百多年前的这个地方 It's hard to imagine that it was from here, 1,200 or so years ago,
居然会释放出如此多的恐怖 that so much terror was unleashed,
但这正是我在旅程开始时希望能够感受到的 but this is how I wanted to feel at the beginning of this journey,
这样我才能尝试去理解欧洲历史上这个悸动的时刻 so that I could try and understand this seismic moment in European history
从维京人的视角 from the Viking point of view.
维京人不光是野蛮的海盗 The Vikings weren't just savage pirates,
他们也是穿梭在已知世界的精明商人 but sophisticated traders, who criss-crossed the known world,
他们交易着丝绸白银还有奴隶和战利品 running silks and silver, as well as slaves and stolen booty.
他们是史诗般的冒险家 Epic adventurers,
远赴亚洲的各个城市 who voyaged to the exotic cities of Asia
和神秘未知的美洲 and the unknown mysteries of America.
正当中世纪的欧洲大部分地区 While much of Dark Age Europe had been shaped
还生活在罗马文明的阴影下时 by the civilising influence of Rome,
在斯堪的纳维亚 up here in Scandinavia,
维京人已经演化出了一种独特的 the Vikings had emerged from a distinctive,
事实上是独一无二的文化 in fact, a unique, culture.
他们没有诸如律法和城市生活的概念 They were untainted by concepts like the written law and life in towns,
更不用说基督教信仰 far less by belief in a Christian God.
维京人遗传给我们的这部分文化DNA The Vikings bequeathed to us a part of our cultural DNA
相比我们从罗马文明所继承的 that's wilder, darker, more mysterious
更野性更黑暗也更加神秘 than anything that was to be had from Rome.
并不是他们的行为本身使得他们充满危险 And it wasn't just what they did that made them dangerous.
而是他们的思想和他们的信仰 It was what they thought and what they believed.
在卑尔根，这里就有一些受到保护的遗址 'Right here in Bergen are some of the preserved remains
其中之一是维京早期所建立的... 'of one of the very earliest Vikings ever found...
虽然我们必须说 '..although, it has to be said,
这些东西的形状并不完美 'they're not exactly in the best of shape.'
这些碎片都是人体骨骼的一部分 These poor fragments are all that remains of the skeleton of a man.
这是手臂骨骼 These are arm bones...
...这些来自腿骨 ..and these are parts of one leg.
骨骼的旁边是些随葬物 Alongside him were grave goods,
包括他的剑 including his sword.
所以很肯定他生前是一位武士 So it's safe to say that he was a warrior.
但是他真正的非凡和迷人之处在于 But what's remarkable about him, what's fascinating,
他是我们所发现的 is that this individual is the first
用真正经典的维京风格安葬的第一人 that we know of to have been buried in true, classic Viking style.
他是被安葬在一条维京船里的 He was buried inside a Viking ship
这样做是为了能把他载往来世 that was intended to take him to the afterlife,
神话主神奥丁接待英灵的神殿
载去瓦尔哈拉殿 to Valhalla,
在那他能够和北方的诸神们 where he would feast and fight
一起享用盛宴和并肩战斗 alongside the Norse Gods themselves.
他曾是个漂泊于海上的武士 He was a sea-borne warrior.
他肯定肩负着家庭的的责任和期望 He would have been carrying the responsibility and the expectations of his family,
家人希望他荣归故里时 who would be hoping that he would
会腰缠万贯和名满天下 return richer, more famous, with a great reputation,
这样他和家人的生活都会有改观 that would change not just his life, but theirs.
作为维京人不仅关乎你是谁 A Viking wasn't only something you were,
还关乎你做些什么 but something you did.
去“维京”意思就是背井离乡 To go a-Viking, was to head out
去往广阔的海洋冒险 into the open seas in search of adventure.
他们的交通工具是种技术上的奇迹 Their transport was a technological miracle,
--曾令人闻风丧胆的维京海盗船 the notorious Viking longboat -
那是整整一个时代的象征 an icon of an entire Age.
卑尔根与挪威首都--奥斯陆近在咫尺 'From Bergen, it's just a short hop to Norway's capital, Oslo...
在这里曾发掘出最完好的维京海盗船 '..resting place of the finest Viking ship ever unearthed.'
这艘船的历史可以追溯到维京时代的最早期 Like our man, it dates from the very beginning of the Viking Age.
这件令人瞠目的工艺品就是"欧塞堡"号 This stunning craft is the Oseberg Ship.
它肯定是所有维京海盗船中最赫赫有名的一艘 It's certainly the most famous Viking ship we have
并且在我眼中，它毫无疑问是最漂亮的 and, to my eyes, beyond a shadow of a doubt, the most beautiful.
它曾是世界上最先进的船只之一 This was once one of the most sophisticated ships in the world...
它是辉煌技术和大胆无畏航海精神的缩影 ..the epitome of technological brilliance and maritime audacity.
船体是由很多工匠共同完成的 The ship itself is the work of many craftsmen,
而这个部位，这里的雕刻 but here, in this carving,
则是一位艺术家个人想象力和技艺的体现 is the imagination and the skill of just one artist, one person.
雕刻惟妙惟肖的刻画了龙和海蛇 It's this exciting, vivid depiction of a dragon or sea serpents
首尾相交的缠绕在一起 twisted together, biting tails.
身上的鳞片清晰可辨 The scales on the skin are picked out
线条流畅 with these carefully-etched lines.
当别人递给你一件可以握在手里的东西 And while it's one thing to be handed an object that you can hold in your hand
并告诉你"这东西是一千或一千二百年前的" and be told, "This is 1,000 or 1,200 years old",
和当你站在这样一样东西之下 it's of another order of magnitude to stand
两者产生的震撼完全不是一个数量级的 beneath something like this.
维京人毫无疑问是雄心勃勃的 This says that the Vikings were real people with huge ambition.
这艘船只是那个时代建造的 This is just one of hundreds, or thousands, of ships
成千上万艘船中的其中之一 built during the Viking Age.
这就是维京人的能力 THIS is what the Vikings were capable of.
维京人突然闯入不列颠的历史舞台 The Vikings might have burst into our British history
在漫天大雪中挥舞着闪亮的利斧 in a blizzard of flashing axes,
然而，这种使维京人得以崛起的文化 but the culture that gave rise to them
绝对不是一朝一夕间形成的 certainly didn't appear out of a clear blue sky.
相反，这是几千年持续不断的文明演变的产物 Instead, they were the product of thousands of years of cultural evolution.
塑造维京人的精神是他们的土地和大海 They were shaped by their land and by the sea
以及世世代代斯堪的纳维亚的维京"原人" and by countless generations of Scandinavian "proto-Vikings".
只有理解了维京人遥远祖先所生活的世界后 And it's only by understanding the world of their most distant ancestors
我们才有可能去深入了解他们的真正起源 that we can hope to dig down to their real roots,
并提取维京精神的真正精华 to distil the very Viking essence, if you like,
从而明白这种可怕的维京现象 and to see why, and how, the terrifying phenomenon of the Vikings
为什么会产生，又是如何产生的 ever came to be.
为了揭开维京人最初的发源 'To discover the very earliest roots of the Vikings,
我离开了奥斯陆一路向东 'I'm leaving Oslo behind and heading east,
进入波罗的海的中心地带 'to the very heart of the Baltic.'
离开挪威四百五十英里 It's taking me 450 miles from Norway,
来到瑞典的哥特兰岛 to a Swedish island called Gotland.
要真正认真审视维京现象 To really get to grips with the Vikings,
要搞懂维京人到底是谁他们从何而来 to have any chance of seeing who they were and where they came from,
你必须深入研究他们的起源地 you have to dig down towards the roots of the world that bore them.
而这意味着要一路回溯到史前的斯堪的纳维亚 And that means going all the way back to pre-historic Scandinavia.
我可以告诉你们，在那有一些有趣的东西 And, I can tell you, there's some pretty strange stuff down there.
维京人所收获的一切都是因为有了这种流线型的大船 The streamlined longboat was key to everything the Vikings achieved.
而这种船诞生的源头 And the very beginning of the longboat's story
就在波罗的海的哥特兰岛上 can be found here in the Baltic, on Gotland.
约阿基姆.韦林是当地的一位考古学家 'Joakim Wehlin is a local archaeologist,
他答应陪我我一起去看一处古代的岩画 'who's promised to help me find some ancient rock carvings.
唯一的麻烦是这些岩画浸没在水下 'The only trouble is, they're submerged and, in winter,
而在冬天就会被冻在冰层下面 'also stuck under a lot of ice!
更加糟糕的是天快要黑了 'And to make matters even worse, it's getting dark!'
我刚刚告诉过你不要踩在冰面上 This is exactly what they tell you not to do in all the warning films.
没错，它不…… Exactly. It's not...
唉，真是让人泄气 Oh, how frustrating.
我是说… I mean, they're just...
哇，在那…我看到了! Oh, I can see them!
老实说，我已经看到了… Honestly, I've got...
是吗? Yeah?
是的，是的，我看到它了 Yeah, yeah, I can. I can see it.
看那里，深色的地方.那是船的轮廓线 You see there, the dark. There's the line of the boat.
你能看到弧形的船身，太棒了就在那里 You can see the curving hull. It's there. Amazing.
是的 Yeah, it is.
真是酷，真的 It's really cool, actually.
太棒了 It's great!
简而言之，我们找到的是沉入水下的青铜器时代的岩画 Effectively, what we've got is a sunken Bronze Age rock carving.
太棒了! It's great!
太妙了 Just amazing.
我疑惑的是这个地方为什么会有岩画? I suppose the obvious question is, why is that rock art here?
因为这的周围什么都没有 Because it feels like the middle of nowhere,
是的，现在是什么也没有 Yes, today, it's the nowhere,
但是如果回溯到青铜器时代 but back in the Bronze Age,
我认为这里是个集会地 I think this is a meeting place.
周边都住着人 People gathering around here.
你看这里地势平坦开阔 You see the open landscape. High points all over here.
而在青铜器时代海岸离这更近，更容易看见吗? In the Bronze Age, would the sea have been closer
是的，那时这离海岸更近 and, therefore, easier to see? Yeah, the sea would have been closer
并且这里还有淡水 and also there was a freshwater lake just next.
你还能看的到痕迹 You can see the remains.
因此， 这里是唯一可以取水的地方 So this is the only place for freshwater at the time.
如果这样的话，就很好解释我的疑问了 And so, if it was a place that mattered,
因为人们会习惯来这里交谈或者进行交易 because people were accustomed to coming here to talk or to trade
或者做其他的事情 or whatever, then it would have made sense
这里会有岩画就很好理解了 to make carvings in the rock here.
完全正确 Exactly.
那些瑞典中东部地区发现的岩画 If you look at the rock art that is made
和这里的岩画是同一类型的 on the mid-Eastern part of Sweden, it is the same kind of rock art.
这些岩画都是远古时代 There's something symbolic about something
一些冰封已久事物的象征 from so long ago being trapped under the ice.
岩画在整个斯堪的纳维亚地区都有发现 'Rock carvings have been found all over Scandinavia,
这些东西可以回溯到几千年前的铁器时代甚至更早 'going back thousands of years, into the Iron Age and beyond.
它们很多在重复表现一个明确的主题 'And there's a very definite recurring theme.'
我可以看到船，船上乘着人，还有船员 I can see right away the ships, with people in them, with a crew.
是的 Yes.
人们带着武器--剑和斧子 People with weapons - swords and axes.
这些船真的画的很棒 And the ships are actually really good.
细节描绘的很生动 There's quite a lot of detail.
你看，这个是… You know, this...
你能看到船身是弓形的 This coming up at the bow
还有蛇状的船头 and then you've even got a serpent head at the bow of the ship.
是的，你几乎可以分辨出船的行进方向 Yes, and sometimes it looks almost like you can see the direction of it.
你能够感觉到，画这些岩画的人 So the people who are making the carvings, you, kind of, get a sense
对船只和航行是多么的熟悉! of how familiar they are with ships, with boats,
因为只有真正的内行才能描绘出这么多细节 because there's detail and a real familiarity with the shape.
这些岩画的确令人瞠目结舌 'The rock carvings are stunning, but they're not the only remains
但这却不是能证明维京先祖是海上民族的唯一证据 'that testify to the Vikings' ancient sea-faring roots.'
真是令人心潮澎湃 Very evocative.
明天早晨我还会留在哥特兰岛 'Next morning, I'm still on Gotland. I'm searching out more evidence
进一步搜寻维京先祖依海而居的证据 'of the earliest maritime ancestors of the Vikings.'
我在这里见证的东西比这些树木要久远的多的多 What I've come to see here is much, much older than these trees,
这东西大部分被森林所包围 but the fact that it's partly concealed by a forest
而这恰恰增加了它的神秘感，而更加激起你... just adds another layer of mystery and it kind of sets you up
...对即将要见证的奇妙事物的期待 for the expectation that you're about to see something magical.
这个巨大的遗迹被称作"安萨维石舟" This vast monument is called the Stone Ship of Ansarve...
…大约建于三千年之前 ..and it's around 3,000 years old.
每一个来这里的人都不禁会被其巨大的外形所震慑 Anyone coming here couldn't help but be struck by its sheer scale.
我曾经见证过很多岩石阵 I've walking into lots of stone circles in my time,
但没有一处比得上这里 but nothing like this.
身处这样的岩石阵中，你永远不会知道... In a stone circle, you never quite know how to feel -
…你真的不知道这些岩石在诉说着些什么 you don't really know for sure what you're being told,
但你身处其中时，不用我再解释 but you come in here and, without anyone saying a word,
你会清楚知道这是什么 you know exactly what this is.
正如不列颠的石阵一样 Like Britain's stone circles,
古人建造这些遗迹的目的不得而知 the purpose of ancient ship monuments is mysterious.
有很多是墓碑 Many are graves.
但也有一些不是 But not all.
而每块石头... Every one of them, though,
都证明了海洋对于维京人的重要性 testifies to the symbolic importance of the sea
在维京时代之前很久就有人在哥特兰岛上居住了 to the people who lived on Gotland long before the Viking Age.
诸如这样的石船只有在波罗的海地区才能见到 It's such a Baltic thing to do.
在英国或者法国从来没有这样的东西 You don't get ship settings in France or in Britain
而在这个地区却十分常见 but you do get them here - lots and lots of them.
在斯堪的纳维亚的史前时期，海洋是占主导地位的 The prehistory of Scandinavia was dominated by the sea.
蜿蜒曲折海岸线遍布着大小峡湾 With its rugged coastline of fjords and inlets,
…使得海上的航行远比在陆地上方便 it was often much easier to travel by sea than over land.
仅仅在波罗的海就有超过五万个海岛 In the Baltic Sea alone there are over 50,000 islands,
(对于海上航行)这些都是很好的中途停留点... convenient stopping-off points,
服务站或者避难所 service stations or lay-bys, if you like,
这些小岛遍布于古老的海上通道 along an ancient maritime motorway.
正是这些古老的航海技术 It was these ancient maritime skills
造就了维京人今后纵横四海的英勇... that evolved into the seagoing prowess of the Vikings,
还有他们无所畏惧的劫掠和史诗般的航行… their daring raids, and their great epic voyages.
维京祖先流动的血液中 The ancestors of the Vikings
浸淫着大海的盐分 had the salt of the sea running through their veins.
而同时陆地也塑造着这个民族 But they were also a people who were shaped by their land.
旅行在斯堪的纳维亚大地 When you travel though Scandinavia,
你会意识到维京人曾居住的这片土地 you begin to realise just how huge and varied a land
是如此广阔和多样化 the Vikings inhabited.
从挪威北部寒冷的山区 From the cold, northern mountains of Norway,
那里可耕作的土地稀少… where arable land was scarce...
…一直到丹麦和更南边富饶的平原 ..all the way down to the fertile plains of Denmark and the South.
在史前的斯堪的纳维亚，出行虽然要走海路 Travel in prehistoric Scandinavia might have been dominated by the sea
但生存活命还是得依靠陆地… but survival depended on the land.
人们如何才能成功地养殖庄稼和牲畜呢? How successfully you could tend animals and grow crops.'
斯堪的纳维亚的地理条件造就了 The geography of Scandinavia provides for
多种多样的地形和气候类型 many different landscapes and many different climates
住在不同地区的人们也因而受到不同的影响 and people living in different parts are affected in different ways.
在遥远的北方 In the far north,
土地贫瘠，严冬漫长而黑暗 where the soils are thin and the winters are long and dark,
庄稼很难有好的收成 it's very difficult to grow crops -
即使要养活牲畜也很困难 it's even a challenge to keep animals.
而在南部地区，特别是到了青铜器时代 But in the South, especially during the Bronze Age -
就是绘制那些岩画的年代 the time where people were making those ship carvings -
经济其实十分繁荣 there was actually an economic surplus.
牧人牛羊成群 There was plenty of good grazing
农民的庄稼也多种多样 and the land was good for many crops.
在访问了挪威和瑞典的海岸之后 Having visited the coasts of Norway and Sweden,
我启程前往丹麦首都--哥本哈根 I'm now heading for Denmark, and its capital, Copenhagen.
来这里的原因是距此地一百英里外有一处遗址 Because just 100 miles from here,
它能够告诉我们...青铜器时的人们 there's a remarkable site that reveals how Bronze Age people
是如何依靠南部肥沃的土地而繁衍生息的 thrived off the fertile land of the South.
三千五百年前 3,500 years ago,
这里曾是一个重要的定居点，居住着富有的农民们 this place was an important settlement of wealthy farmers.
这些伯鲁姆的古墓 These are the burial mounds of Borum Eshoj
大致建造于公元前1400到1300年 and they were built between 1,400 and 1,300 years BC.
仅在这个地区就有超过四十个这样的坟丘... At that time, there were more than 40 mounds in this area alone...
…而在丹麦全境则有超四万五千个 ..and 45,000 dotted right across Denmark.
这些古代房屋的不同寻常之处在于 One of the many extraordinary things about these mounds,
建造它们所需要的巨大花费 is the effort, the colossal effort it takes to build them
据估计这座坟墓最初建成时 and it's estimated that when this was first completed,
其大小应是现在的八倍 it was eight times as big.
建造这么规模的一个屋子要一百五十个人 To build one of these you need 150 people
全力以赴地干上四个月 working flat out for three or four months,
无论谁是古墓的主人 so whoever commissioned it
他必须拥有巨大的资源来组织这些人工 had to have resources to organise those people,
供给他们食物，以及工作所需的工具 to feed those people and to give them the tools for the job.
这片亘古的沃土 But all of this is and was rich farming land,
提供着足够的谷物和牲畜 it provides surplus grain and surplus animals.
拥有这些坟墓的家庭 So the families who buried in mounds like these
并不仅是依靠土地而生存 weren't just trying to survive off the land,
他们拥有这些土地的控制权 they had control over it.
这些屋子说明这个地区的人们的生活 These mounds suggest that the people here
相对于北方苦寒之地的人们 enjoyed a relatively good life,
要轻松悠闲的多 especially compared to the tougher conditions of the north.
但是无论你身处北方还是南方 But wherever you lived, north or south,
度过斯堪的纳维亚的严冬天绝对不是件轻松事 surviving a Scandinavian winter wasn't easy.
在这里工作的实验考古学家… Experimental archaeologists working here have created
精确的复制了一间房屋 an exact replica of the houses
青铜器时代的农民们就曾居住在这种房屋的原型中 these Bronze Age farmers would have lived in.
因为我来到这里时正好是二月份， And since I've come here in February,
正是时候可以去尝试一下 it's just the right time
古人赖以过冬的食物 to get a taste for the winter food their lives depended on.
我的向导是食品专家--比.斯加罗 My guide is food expert, Bi Skaarup.
二十一世纪的我们衣食无忧 It's all very well for us in the 21st century,
而青铜器时代的农民们又曾遭遇什么样的挑战呢 but what kind of challenges faced Bronze Age farmers
特别是当漫长严寒的冬季来临时 as the long dark nights of winter set in?
至关重要的是获得充足的食物 The most important thing was to get enough provisions
要足够整个冬天吃的 to get you through the winter.
如果到了春天时你饿着肚子 If you were completely starved in the spring,
你就没有力气耕作土地 you couldn't start working the land
这是非常重要的 and that was very important.
在青铜器时代有什么好喝的东西吗？ Is there anything interesting to drink in the Bronze Age?
是的，当然有 Yes, definitely,
而且我还给你准备了一些 and I've made some for you.
我就希望你能这么说 I was hoping you'd say that. Yeah.
这种饮料的残渣 The residue of this drink
我们曾在屋子里的一个木桶中找到过 was found in a bark bucket in a burial mound.
这里有小麦麦芽… So its malted wheat,
…蜂蜜，香杨梅，有一点点苦味 honey, bog myrtle to give a bit of bitterness,
还有蔓越莓 and cranberries.
祝你健康! Slainte mhath. Skol.
太棒了，真的很好喝! That's fantastic, it really is.
味道象果汁 It just tastes like fruit juice.
是的 Yes.
它是发酵过的饮料 But that's a fermented... It is. ..drink.
所以可以较长时间保存 So that would last.
是的 It would.
整个冬天他们都会喝这个对吗? That would see you through a winter's night, wouldn't it?
是的 Yes.
发酵过的饮料可以保存在橱柜里阴凉处 Fermented drinks may have kept the cold at bay,
比较困难的是其他的食物如何保存过冬 but more of a problem was keeping food through the winter.
特别是肉类 Especially meat.
我带来了一些肉，是在盐水里腌过的 I brought some meat, marinated in whey.
这是什么肉 What sort of meat is that?
是猪肉 It's pork. Right.
就在盐水里腌一下...就可以吃了吗? And that's edible now just having been soaked or sat in whey?
你不是在骗我吧? Now, you're not just having me on, are you?
没有骗你 No, I'm not. OK.
几乎都是纤维，只有一点点肉的味道 It's got all the texture, but it only tastes very faintly of meat. Mmm-hmm.
但是我其实喜欢吃生肉 But, you know... But then I do like raw meat,
我一直是这样吃肉的 I've always been drawn that way!
为过冬做好准备，安全度过寒冷的冬天… Preparing for winter, surviving it, together.
这是每个生活在寒冷北欧的人所共有的经验 It's such a shared human experience for anyone in Northern Europe.
我记得曾经在设得兰群岛跟一个人聊起过 I remember speaking to a woman on Shetland once
我问她是怎么度过冬天的 and I asking her how she coped with the winter
她说她很享受冬天且盼望冬天到来 and she said she enjoyed it and looked forward to it.
我问她为什么…她回答我 And I asked her why, and she said
为过冬做准备让她有满足感 the satisfaction was preparing for it
因为严寒也不能奈何她 and feeling proof against the winter.
因而青铜器时代在这里生活的人们... And so the people here in the Bronze Age,
他们肯定需要为安然越冬制定计划 they would have been making plans for the winter,
储备过冬的供给 laying down supplies,
确保生存必须品都能齐备 and as well as making sure they had the basics of life,
他们需要花时间酿造几桶酒 they were finding time to prepare a few barrels of fermented drink
这样…除了生存之必须外 so that, as well as surviving, they could also take the edge off
也还能不时娱乐一下 and enjoy themselves as well.
人们就这样和各自的家族聚在一起 So they'd be in here with their extended families,
还有各自的牲畜…这样可以相互取暖 with the animals for extra warmth,
如果计划准确无误…人们就可以聚在一起 and if they had got their plans right, and they pulled together,
安然度过冬天 then they would survive,
在度过这样严寒的冬天后 and having survived a winter like that,
我肯定接下来的春天和夏天 then I'm sure it would make the spring and the summer that followed
他们会过的更加有滋有味 that bit sweeter.
在尝试了维京人祖先的食物后 Having eaten like a Viking ancestor,
我将在这里过夜 I'm going to spend the night like one,
月光下…古屋中… in the moonlit shadow of those ancient mounds.
此时此刻... 你可以随便拿出一本你感兴趣的书来阅读 Now, you can read all the books you want,
而要更加真切的接近青铜器时代 but the only way to even get close to having a Bronze Age experience...
那就需要去亲身体验… ..is to do it.
这块羊皮可以让我暖和好多 Hopefully these sheepskins will make all the difference.
青铜器时代的人很少会… Don't suppose there were many occasions
...在冬夜独自一人呆在这样的屋子里 when a Bronze Age person had a night to him or herself inside a house like this.
他们应该会一直和自己的家人呆在一起 They would have been with their family almost all of the time.
在英伦，青铜器时代的人们住在圆形的屋子里 In Britain, Bronze Age people lived in round houses,
而在这里 but over here,
博鲁姆这些长方形的木屋 the rectangular timber houses of Borum Eshoj
是两千年之后维京长屋直接的原型 were the direct ancestors of the Viking longhouses that would appear 2,000 years later.
好…该起床了 Well... ..there we go.
首先我要说…虽然我想的很好 I have to report, first of all, that despite all my best intentions
整晚保持清醒汇报情况… 但是我还是睡着了 to report throughout the night, I fell asleep.
我能说的只是…这里足够暖和 All I can really say is, it was warm enough
我安然无恙 and here I am.
我安然度过了青铜器时代的冬夜 I've survived my Bronze Age winter's night.
很不错，真的 Quite good, really.
难以置信，我甚至有幸得以一观… Incredibly, it's even possible to get a glimpse
真正的博鲁姆原住民 of the very inhabitants of Borum Eshoj themselves.
哥本哈根 In Copenhagen,
从三千年前定居点发掘出来的... an entire 3,000-year-old family from the settlement
…一家人保存的十分完好 has been carefully preserved.
这是干尸 And this is the mum.
最最令我们大家动心的是... What's most moving of all to me
...这些保存下来的布料 is the preservation of the clothing
这些布料用来包裹她的尸体 that she was put into after she died.
她穿着一件短袖的羊毛衬衫 She's wearing a short-sleeved woollen blouse,
她的下半身覆盖着 the lower half of her body is covered
保存完好的百褶羊毛筒裙 by this perfectly-preserved folded blanket or skirt also of wool,
另外很有可能... and you can't resist the possibility
如果你能把某些那个时代的人带来这里 that if you could somehow bring someone back who was there that day,
他们可能会能认出她是谁 they could look at this and recognise her and know who she was.
这具漂亮干尸是她的儿子 And this splendid individual is the son.
他的头发也保存了下来 The fact that his hair has been preserved,
这种炫目的发型增加了他的吸引力 this flamboyant hairstyle, just adds to his allure
你会觉得 and you get the sense,
看到他装束的风格 looking at how he's styled himself,
就能勾勒出他那时的个性如何 that there is just a trace of his personality in there as well.
而所有干尸中最为夺人眼球的... But it's the husband and father
是这个家庭的一家之主 whose remains are the most telling of all.
这个大人物所有的一切 Everything about this guy says big man -
他的体型… the size of him,
发达的肌肉…粗壮的骨骼 his musculature, the mass of his bones -
一切都说明他生前锦衣玉食 all of his life, he had access to a good diet.
说明他们是富裕之家 That in itself suggests wealth.
他的指甲修剪的很整齐 His fingernails were neatly manicured
所以他是那种 so he was the kind of man
有时间去打理自己仪表的人 who had the time to take care of his appearance.
他一直活到大概六十岁 He lived to be around 60 years old,
无论如何这算得上是长寿的了 which is a good age, really, by any standards.
他生前和死后都是这个家庭的中心 In life and in death, he was the centre of the family.
显而易见的是在丹麦和南部地区 It's clear that in Denmark and the south,
维京人的祖先在青铜器时代生活的很好 the Bronze Age ancestors of the Vikings lived a good life.
但越是往北方 But the further north you lived,
耕种土地的条件 the progressively tougher things must have become
就会越严苛 for anyone trying to farm the land.
对于两千年后的维京人来说 For the Vikings themselves, 2,000 years later,
这片大陆多变的地理条件 the varied geography of their lands
造就了他们截然不同的命运 would shape very different destinies.
斯堪的纳维亚一直是一片分裂的土地 Scandinavia was always a land divided.
在南部耕地充足并且相当富饶 In the south, there was plentiful farmland and relative affluence,
但在北方则完全不同--苦寒而贫瘠 but the north was always a different, a tougher prospect.
土地稀少 There WAS land available, but it was limited.
且大多在峡湾的沿岸和入口处 A lot of it around the sides of and at the necks of the Fjords,
所以当这里的维京人--那时住在挪威的人们 so perhaps it's no surprise that of all the Vikings
不辞艰险地前往远方寻找新的土地时 it was the Norwegians who ventured furthest in search of,
就没什么好惊奇的了 quite literally, pastures new,
在新开辟的广阔土地上 where a man wasn't just wedged
人们再也不用受困于山与海之间的狭小地带了 in between the mountains and the sea.
当然正如我们所知，维京人不仅仅长于航海 But, of course, we know that the Vikings weren't just expert sailors
和建造精良的船只 and skilled ship builders.
他们同样是勇猛的战士 They were also warriors.
即使用暗黑时代的标准来衡量 Even by the standards of the Dark Ages,
在战场上维京人也是特别勇猛嗜杀的战士 the Vikings were especially adept when it came to the messy business of killing.
而这种勇猛深深扎根于斯堪的纳维亚的往昔中 And again, it was something deeply rooted in their Scandinavian past.
为了要探究 To discover the origins
维京人这种勇武嗜血天赋的起源 of the Vikings' natural talent for bloody combat,
我要离开了宁静的青铜器时代的日德兰岛的农夫 I'm moving on from the peaceful farmers of Bronze Age Jutland -
去到更晚但更加暴力的时代-- to later, and much more violent times.
--铁器时代 The Iron Age.
这个是"希由斯宾之舟" This is the Hjortspring Boat,
它一定是你见过最著名的航海船只之一 and it's one of the most famous sea-going vessels that you will ever lay eyes on.
多年来我很多次见过这艘船的照片 I've seen lots of photographs of this over the years
但是并未能得窥全貌 but they can't do it justice.
就象是…好莱坞的明星 It's a bit like if you've only seen a Hollywood star
你只在电影和杂志上见过他们 in movies and magazines
而有一天他们就站在你旁边 and then one day you find yourself standing next to them
突然之间 and all at once,
你得能实实在在感觉他们存在 you have to deal with their physical presence as well,
就像我现在也是这样 so it's like that in here for me.
希由斯宾之舟建造于公元前三百五十年 The Hjortspring Boat dates to around 350 BC.
也就是青铜器时代之家之后约一千年 That's around 1,000 years after our Bronze Age family.
而在第一次维京劫掠发生之前的一千年 But still 1,000 years before the first Viking raids.
船体恢复了三分之一 About a third of it was recovered,
这足够按照它的金属框架来恢复其形状 enough to allow its shape to be recreated as a metal frame,
箍上船身的木框架 cradling its precious timbers,
从而展现一艘战舰的完美形态 and revealing a form that was perfect for war.
希由斯宾之舟最需要留意的部分 One of the most important things to notice about the Hjortspring Boat
是其漂亮的对称形状 is that it's beautifully symmetrical.
它的船头向上翘起 It has an up-thrusting prow at this end
而船尾的形状也完全一致 and exactly the same at the other.
船上大约能载二十四个船员 There's room for about two-dozen men,
每个船员都用这样的船桨 each using paddles like these,
船桨是用枫木制成的 these are made from maple wood,
这样就能让船就在水中破浪前进了 and they could fairly get skipping along through the water.
因为船的两端都是船头 Now, because it's got the prow at each end
即使船被拉上了海滩 it means as soon as you beach it you're already in position
船员也能够马上(不要掉头)把船驶回海里 to go back out into the water as soon as you want.
(这种特性)为什么这么重要呢? Why is that important?
因为快速撤离对希由斯宾之舟非常重要 Because the Hjortspring Boat is designed for a quick getaway.
正是这种船只经历过血腥的战斗 We know that this very boat experienced bloody battle.
和它一起被发掘出来的 When it was discovered
还有不少盾牌，剑和长矛… it was found packed with shields, swords, and spears.
足够装备一支小型的军队 All the weapons of a small army.
在第一次维京劫掠之前一千年 Men like these were well practiced in war
这些人已经能在海上娴熟的海战和劫掠 and seaborne raiding a thousand years before the first true Viking raid.
维京海盗并不是突然凭空冒出来的 And so the Vikings didn't just spring out of nowhere, fully formed,
相反的，他们是那里动荡和暴力的 instead they were the product,
历史背景下革命性的产物 the evolution of a dynamic and often violent history.
斯堪的纳维亚遍布着各种部落 All across Scandinavia there were tribes
每个部落都有各自的特征 各有领地和同盟 with their own identities and territories and allegiances,
通过互相征战，这些部落深谙战争技巧 and they learnt to fight, first of all, by fighting each other.
驾驭着希由斯宾之舟的那些战士们 Warriors like those that paddled the Hjortspring Boat
是后来真正维京海盗的祖先 were the forefathers of the true Vikings.
这些种子最后长成了维京海盗 The were the seeds from which the Vikings grew.
铁器时代的欧洲是充满了暴力 The Iron Age was a violent time right across Europe.
斯堪的纳维亚地区也不能幸免 And Scandinavia was no exception,
两千年前这些部落为了争夺权力而相互攻伐 as local tribes 2,000 years ago tussled for power.
激斗正酣之时，另有强权登场了... But as they did so, another force was on the move.
--罗马帝国 The Romans.
丹麦的南部边界 The Southern edge of Denmark
是斯堪的纳维亚和强大的罗马帝国最接近的地区 is as close as the Scandinavian world ever came to the might of Rome.
罗马帝国的出现 And the presence of the Roman Empire
对维京地区的形成也产生了不小的影响 would play its own part in the how the Vikings came to be.
罗马帝国曾经所向披靡 Rome had seemed unstoppable,
但是公元后九年发生的事件 but in 9AD an event occurred
其影响波及了整个欧洲 which was to send shockwaves throughout Europe
连远在北方的斯堪的纳维亚也卷入其中 and even had implications for the far north and Scandinavia.
丹麦国境线以南大约二百五十英里处 About 250 miles to the south of modern-day Denmark,
德国北部茂密的森林地区 in the dense woodland of Northern Germany,
罗马的北方军团受到 Rome's Northern army was brought
当地日耳曼部落联盟的突袭 to an abrupt halt by an alliance of local Germanic tribes.
三个军团大约三万两千名士兵 Three legions of Roman soldiers, around 32,000 men,
被诱敌深入到蒂德贝里森林地区 并在此全军覆没 were lured deep into the Teutoburg Forest, and there, annihilated.
这次惨败宣告了罗马帝国在北欧拓疆的终结 It marked the end of Roman expansion into Northern Europe.
斯堪的纳维亚于是独立于帝国之外...一如既往 Scandinavia was, and would always remain, outside the Empire.
罗马人止步于此也造成 The halting of Rome brought
欧洲南方北方在另一个方面的分裂 another level of division between the north and the south.
除了截然不同的地理条件外 Now, as well as their different geographies,
经济上也泾渭分明 you could add a divergent economic landscape as well.
丹麦 This land, Denmark,
以及斯堪的纳维亚的其他地区 都从未被罗马所统治 and the rest of Scandinavia was never ruled by Rome.
但帝国对产自北方珍宝的需求似乎永远欲壑难填 But the Roman Empire had an insatiable appetite for exotic goods from the north,
皮毛、油脂… 还有这东西--琥珀 animal furs, oils, and this stuff - amber.
琥珀在丹麦和挪威比较常见 It's relatively common in Denmark and Norway,
但到了地中海地区却及其稀有 but it's extremely rare in the Mediterranean
罗马人喜欢用它来制作首饰 and the Romans loved it for making jewellery.
需求造就了贸易，而贸易给人带来了财富 All of this meant trade and trade meant new wealth for a few people
和对繁华帝国奢侈品的向往 and a desire for luxury goods from the Empire,
这些东西只有罗马可以提供 the sort of stuff that only Rome could provide.
也只有位高权重者才用的起 And that only the rich and powerful could afford.
在斯堪的纳维亚曾发现过很多来自罗马的文物 Many Roman discoveries in Scandinavia
大多如陶器…偶尔也有钱币 are of simple pottery, or occasionally coins.
但有些东西让人叹为观止的 But some finds have been spectacular.
这些东西来自霍比墓葬 This is the Hoby Burial Hoard,
是一位酋长之的墓葬 it was found in the grave of a chieftain,
酋长的年纪介于四十到六十岁 a man aged somewhere between 40 and 60 years old.
他的死因我们不得而知 We don't know how he died,
但他的这些殉葬物已经说明 but this collection that went into the ground with him
他生前曾经拥有的(大量)财富 tells us a lot about what he had achieved in life.
你通常会认为这些用于宴会上的器具 It's the kind of banqueting set that you would normally expect
是某个罗马的高级官员所有的 a high-ranking Roman official to have.
这些东西看起来... It's a wonder to behold,
那么的富丽堂皇而精致 it's so rich and elegant,
最令人瞠目结舌的应该算是… but the piece de resistance
这两个银质酒杯…每个约有一公斤重 are two solid silver cups, each weighing about a kilogram.
如今，酒杯的真品已经被取走用于研究 Now, the originals are away being conserved and analysed,
而我有幸能被允许观赏一下这两个复制品 but what I have here, what I'm allowed to handle, are two replicas.
酒杯上的图案描绘的是荷马史诗里的几个场景 What they show are various scenes from Homer's Iliad.
这尊奢华的酒杯 This lavish collection
是由喜爱罗马式的服装... was handed over to a man who could appreciate Roman finery,
深谙罗马生活方式的主人所拥有的 who was schooled enough in Roman ways
他熟悉文明世界的那些经典传说 to understand Classical stories from the Classical World.
这些发现的重大意义在于… It's telling that nothing of this magnificence
象如此奢华的东西在遥远的北方可以说是绝无仅有的 has ever been found in the far north.
斯堪的纳维亚一直独立于罗马帝国之外 Scandinavia always remained outwith the Roman Empire
当我们思考这些国家的发展之路时 and it's important to remember that
我们要时刻记住这个事实 when thinking about how the countries here developed.
众所周知，至少在英伦地区 We take it for granted, in the English part of Britain at least,
罗马人带来的不仅是军事占领 that Rome brought more than the legions,
随之而来的还有城市..道路 it brought towns and roads,
公共娱乐 public entertainments,
到了其统治的后期还引入了基督教 towards the end of the period it brought Christianity as well.
更有甚者，罗马人还带来了文字和法治 But more than that, Rome brought literacy and the rule of law.
可以客观地说… You can quite justifiably argue
是罗马人终结了我们的蒙昧时代 that the Romans brought the time of our pre-history to an end.
而在此地这一切从未发生过 But none of that happened here,
没有城市…没有文字 there were no towns, there was no literacy,
没有新宗教 there were no new religions,
纵贯罗马帝国和维京时期， 情况一直没变 right through the Roman period and the Viking Age itself.
这个地区又被遗弃了一千年 An extra thousand years of being left alone
这让一切都变得截然不同 and that made all the difference.
因为这里的文化是"为所欲为" Because here was a culture that was left to do what it wanted,
人们可以做任何事情只要他愿意 people who were left to do what they wanted to do,
他们可以用自己的方法活着 their own way of being,
人们有自己的首领，有各自信奉的神明 they had their own leaders, their own Gods.
在这种状况下，什么都不足为奇了 And so, in that light, perhaps it comes as no surprise
比如当第一批维京海盗 that when those first Viking raiders
洗劫一个边远的诺森伯兰修道院时 attacked a remote Northumbrian monastery
这些人对于基督教上帝完全没有敬畏之心 they felt they had nothing to fear from a Christian God,
上帝在他们心目中根本比不上奥丁和托奥(雷神) because he was obviously no match for Odin and Thor.
精湛的造船技艺和勇猛嗜杀 Ship-building skills and warrior prowess
使得基督教世界对维京海盗闻风色变 gave the Vikings the means to terrorise the Christian world.
而真正能解释维京精神的却是… 北欧的诸神们 But it was the Norse Gods that defined their Viking spirit.
写于十三世纪的"英雄传记"(Saga) Sagas written in the 13th century
使得我们可以清楚洞察维京人的信仰 give us a unique insight
而这信仰的起源... into beliefs that can be traced right back
可以一直上溯到维京的蒙昧时代 to their prehistoric ancestors.
他们信奉万神殿的诸神 They believe in a pantheon of Gods,
而其中托奥为诸神之尊 but the main God was Thor.
意思是"托奥是诸神中的最强者" Which means, "Thor is the strongest of all the Gods."
记得我小时候 Cos I remember, as a little boy,
我在连环画中知道了托奥神 from the comics that I was reading, knowing about Thor,
他真的有雷神之鎚，真的有魔力腰带吗? is it true he had the hammer, he had the belt of power?
这些在古书上提到了吗? Yes. Is all that in the old versions?
是的 Yes.
说的是托奥有三件法宝 Which means Thor has three special objects,
一是雷神之鎚--Mjolnir one is a hammer. Mjolnir.
我还记得威力巨大的 Mjolnir I remember Mighty Mjolnir.
Mjolnir这个名字有什么意思吗？ Does Mjolnir mean anything, as a name?
是不是要用这名字给人一种威力强大的感觉? Does it have a sense of something powerful in the name?
意思是…代表着摧毁一切的强大力量 It means... it designates the crushing power that he has.
传说巨人族很熟悉鎚的威力 It says that the Giants are well familiar with the hammer
因为托奥总是用大鎚击碎他们的脑壳 because Thor is always crushing their skulls with it.
他还有一根有魔力的腰带... There is the Girdle of Might, obviously...
这东西并不太显眼，对吗? That's not quite so catchy, is it?
当系上腰带的时候他的力量会加倍 So when he puts on this girdle, his strength doubles.
他的腰也会利索多了哦… And he gets a much neater waist.
可能是吧… Probably, as well.
托奥是诸神中最大的吗? Is Thor top of the tree, top God?
呃…他是其中之一… 真正最大的那个叫奥丁 Well, he's among the top Gods, but probably the highest one is Odin.
书上是这样说的 And as it says here,
奥丁是已知诸神中地位最尊贵的 he is the highest and most glorious of the Gods that we know of,
所以他才是被北欧的酋长和国王们膜拜的主神 and so he is the one who is worshipped by chieftains and kings.
和基督教不同，维京人的信仰 Unlike Christianity, Viking belief
并不追求不朽的灵魂 wasn't so much about an immortal soul
而是追求永恒的荣誉 but an immortal reputation.
维京人并不关注死后会如何 They didn't really care about the afterlife,
他们追求的是此生的荣耀 they wanted glory and honour in this life.
这里提到奥丁说的一段话 And then it says here in the sayings of Odin...
"城堡会坍塌，朋友会离去，你自己也会死去" "Your castle will die, your friends will die, you'll die."
"只有英名会永垂青史" "Your reputation will never die if you get a good one."
所以他们无惧英勇而光荣的… That's why they weren't afraid of dying in battle,
战死沙场 with courage and honour.
维京人最怕的是 The worst thing that could happen to a Viking
被人说成是胆小鬼 was to be said a coward.
公元五世纪上半页，罗马帝国已岌岌可危 The end of the Roman Empire early in the 5th century
而此时的斯堪的纳维亚已经站在属于维京人时代的门口了 saw Scandinavia standing on the brink of the Viking Age.
万事具备，只欠东风… A final piece of the jigsaw
一位伟大的维京首领 was the emergence of bigger regional leaders.
我回到瑞典…斯德哥尔摩以北四十英里 Heading back to Sweden, 40 miles North of Stockholm,
这里的遗址能够证明 there's evidence of a consolidation of power
这个地区已经崛起前所未有的强大集团 across ever greater areas of land.
我脚下的是格姆拉乌普萨拉墓葬 Stretching away ahead of me are the burial mounds of Gamla Uppsala.
这些墓葬建于公元550年至700年之间 They were built sometime between around 550AD and 700AD,
此时罗马帝国已经灭亡，而维京世纪还未到来 that's a time after the Romans but before the coming of the Vikings.
这些土丘真的非常巨大 These mounds seem truly vast,
即使相比两千年前的青铜器时代的那些也不逊色 even compared to those of Bronze Age Denmark, 2,000 years earlier.
关键是 And, crucially,
这些墓只属于有限的几个人 these were only built for a very select few.
我们无从得知这些墓里面埋的是谁 We'll never know exactly who was buried here.
这些柴堆，篝火曾在此熊熊燃烧... The pyres, the funeral bonfires that raged here
这些土丘下的柴堆曾经猛烈燃烧 and that these mounds were built on top of burned so intensely
除了烧焦的骨头和殉葬品外 that nothing survived to be buried
什么也没有留下 except some charred human bone and some melted grave goods.
然而无论这些人是谁 But whoever they were,
能拥有这种规模坟墓的人 the people who could command this kind of burial
必然是整个斯堪的纳维亚地区最有权势的人 were certainly amongst the wealthiest and the most powerful in all of Scandinavia
他们必然控制着整个地区 and they wielded power all across the land.
这些坟丘一个接着一个 The mounds were built one after the other
建成的时间相差一百多年，或者再久一些 during a period lasting 100 years, maybe more,
人们很容易想到这是属于某个王朝的皇室家族 so it's tempting to think about a dynasty, a royal lineage,
这个家族一代传一代的统治着这个地区 one family maintaining control generation after generation
这些坟丘中埋葬的很可能是最早的维京国王和王后 so the people buried in these mounds might be the very first Kings and Queens.
在这些坟丘的旁边发掘出的东西 In the shadow of these mounds
显示古时候这里曾经是皇宫所在地 evidence has been even found of an ancient royal palace.
考古学家约翰.伦克维斯在这里发现过一些东西 Archaeologist John Ljungkvist has found some remarkable remains
足以证明这里的宫殿曾经多么奢华 that reveal just how lavish a palace it once was.
这两样东西是之前在这里发现的 Here we've got two of the spirals that we find
是厅门上的装饰 on the doors of the hall.
你看啊!太漂亮了... Look at that! Fantastic.
这东西之前应该更大一些…象这样延伸出来 There would have been a longer bit as well, extending...
是的，应该有一个这样形状的柄脚 Yeah, would have had a tang like this,
可惜它断了 but unfortunately it's broken on this one.
把它放好把，把它放起来 Take it away. Take it from me.
还有别的吗? And what else?
喔…那个应该是象这样的 Oh, so that would have been all as one, all one.
太棒了 Yeah. That's amazing.
你能感觉到这些房子不光有实用性 You get the sense that it's not just a functional building,
它的装饰也令人瞠目 it's been decorated to be stunning.
你看到这些精心锻造涂装的饰件时 It's when you see these beautifully crafted, beautifully wrought finishing touches,
你会意识到这撞房子不仅仅是普通的大厅 that you realise it wasn't just a big hall,
而是精工细作的最棒的... it was the best hall finished to the highest standards.
这绝对是座难以置信的房子，我从没见过更好的 Absolutely, it is a fantastic house, I've never seen anything similar.
精致的铁器装点着通往内堂的巨大木门 The fine ironwork adorned huge timber doors to an interior
初来乍到者常会又惊又羡 that would have both impressed and intimidated visitors.
屋子的内部也十分宽敞 The inside would be huge,
比如起居室就有两百平米大 it's like a living room 200 square metres big.
墙壁都粉刷的洁白无暇 And the walls had been whitewashed.
不像是在烟雾弥漫的黑暗世纪 So it's not like a smoky, really Dark Age,
而是十分漂亮的宫殿…漂亮的墙壁洁白发亮 really a very nice palace with white, shiny, nice walls.
我好奇他们如何让墙壁保持洁白… I wonder how they maintained it,
因为他们需要在房里生火取暖 cos there would have been big fires inside as well,
也就是说他们要不断地粉刷墙壁 so they'd have to be constantly... Yeah! ..whitewashing the inside.
是的..你说的对 Yeah, absolutely!
这里是皇族的… This was the royal person's,
王宫贵族的接见区… the Prince's reception rooms and the reception area.
这里是国王所处的位置 And it's the lofty position that it has in the landscape,
居高临下的俯瞰这地方 down to those fields, it's way below us.
工匠仆人们都仰视着我们 So the working people are literally beneath us
我们可以凌驾于一切之上 and we are above everybody else.
当然他们能看到 And just over there, of course, they've got
那边先王们的坟墓 the presence of their ancestors buried in these mounds,
他们可以对臣民们说这里属于我… they've got people so that they can say this is ours
我能证明自己 and I can prove that,
正如我的父王和祖父之前一样 because my father was here and his father was here. Yeah.
格姆拉乌普萨拉是斯堪的纳维亚地区 Gamla Uppsala is one of
最重要的前维京时代的遗址 the most important pre-Viking sites in all of Scandinavia.
它揭示了在东方出现了中央集权 It reveals a new centralisation of power in the east,
出现了第一位不仅仅是酋长的统治者 the first people who were not just chiefs,
而是地区的国王和王后 but regional kings and queens.
它的重要性更在于... But it's important for another reason too,
此地所处的是一个十分动荡的地区 because this place was also a centre of a very violent religion.
要知道这里和崛起于维京世界之外的 A reminder that this world was very different
基督教王国截然不同 to the emerging Christian kingdoms beyond the borders of the Viking world.
传说这里曾流行活祭的仪式 There are disturbing reports of ritual sacrifice,
九种不同的雄性动物 of nine males of every living creature,
狗，马，甚至人… 被带到附近的坟地(献祭) dogs, horses, even men, being taken to a nearby grove
他们的尸体被吊在树枝上 and their dead bodies hung up on the branches
只到腐烂… where they were left to rot together.
附近的考古学家大多认为 Archaeologists working hereabouts are tempted to think
这一带就是当初流行活祭仪式的地区 that this might be the location where it all went on.
所有这些树上都能发现小符咒…小贡品 Now, all over the trees here, there are little runes,
比如珠宝和丝带等 little offerings of bits of jewellery and ribbons,
还有人带来了石膏的雷神之鎚 here someone has even made and brought in a plaster cast of Thor's hammer,
可见即使是在千年之后 so even after all this time,
这种习俗还是多少留下些的影响 this place matters on some level to all sorts of people.
已经没有证据显示这里到底发生过些什么了… Evidence of exactly what went on here has been lost...
但在这附近曾经出土过一件及其珍贵的文物 ..but one extremely rare pagan find has been unearthed nearby.
这件东西为我们提供重要的线索 The object is a clue as to why the people of Scandinavia
我们得以推断为什么斯堪的纳维亚 were so different from those living
会和欧洲其他地区如此泾渭分明 in the rest of Europe.
这是个铜质的挂件 It's a bronze pendant,
曾几何时，它曾经挂在以为女性的脖子上 once upon a time it would have been worn around the neck of a woman
她生活在公元七世纪的晚期 who lived sometime towards the end of the 7th century.
显而易见这是匹马 It's quite obviously a horse,
但这不是寻常的马 but this is no ordinary horse.
这是奥丁神的坐骑 This is the mount of Odin himself,
奥丁神是异教中最为强大的神明 one of the most important and powerful of the old pagan Gods.
古代北欧的人们 This is Old Norse,
他们不信仰单一的神 the woman who wore this didn't believe in one God,
而信仰多神 she believed in many.
在穿越了整个斯堪的纳维亚地区之后， After a journey that's taken me all over Scandinavia,
我又回到了奥斯陆 I've come back to Oslo.
又回到了奥斯贝格之舟， And to the Oseberg ship
因为它在维京信仰中扮演了重要的角色 that also played its part in Viking belief.
这些船不仅是用来载活人的 Because this vessel wasn't only to be used to ferry the living.
也用来载死去的人 But also the dead.
维京人的葬礼，至少是那些位高权重者的葬礼 Viking funerals, at least for the high and mighty,
盛大而冗长的仪式要持续一周时间 were massive, elaborate affairs with rituals lasting weeks at a time.
当然...死者要被安放在船上 Of course, the dead had to be placed aboard
因为他们要开始另一段旅程 because it was them who were making the journey
堆在尸体周围的是… and then around them would be heaped
所有他们喜欢的和在要来生使用的物品 all of the things they might need and want in the next life,
华服和珠宝 so sumptuous clothes, jewellery for display,
食物和饮料 food and drink,
更有甚者…通常还会一些牲畜祭品 and also, and importantly, there was usually an element of sacrifice,
比如狗狗，可能是猎狗…哈巴狗或者其他的宠物 And so dogs, maybe hunting dogs and also lap dogs and pets,
会被宰杀放在主人旁边 would be killed and put beside their owners,.
比如这次，十五匹马被宰杀殉葬 In this instance, as many as 15 horses were slaughtered
以备死者来生之用 and laid out for use in the next world.
由此你可以想象一下 And you have to imagine
这场景对观礼者产生的影响 the impact that would have had on the people who were watching.
一方面，葬礼上展示的财富远超出他们毕生所能积攒的 For one thing, it was a display of wealth beyond their reach,
这样的财富只有极少人能拥有 this only happened to the few,
他们看到这么多值钱的珍宝… and they would see all the valuables going in,
还有牲畜一起当做殉葬品 then the animals being killed and put alongside.
这影响会一直伴随观礼者一生 It would have stayed with those spectators for a lifetime,
他们还会把他们的所见所闻 and they in turn would have passed stories about
一代代的传下去 what they had seen down through the generations
所以登船前往来生者 so whoever went into the next life aboard this ship
将被永世铭记 would never be forgotten.
当我在次远望大西洋时 When I look out into the Atlantic from here,
敬仰之情油然而生 I feel a great deal of respect,
几乎是要顶礼膜拜 if not downright admiration,
对于那些由此踏上海上旅程的人们来说 for the people who embarked on their journeys.
驱动他们的不是贪婪，更不是杀戮的欲望 I don't think they were driven by greed, far less bloodlust,
相反，我认为是雄心和寻找机会 instead I think the motivations were ambition and opportunity.
他们生活的年代人口膨胀 They were living at a time when populations were expanding,
而在挪威…虽然美景如画…却空间狭小 but here in Norway, beautiful though it is, space is finite.
没有足够的沃土来容纳人口的增加 There's a limit to how much good land there is available to expand into,
所以当他们得知远方有充足的土地和金银... so who could blame some of them when they knew that out there
…从而开始远航时那就在正常不过的了 was plenty of land as well as gold and silver that might be acquired.
我明白了 I've seen how,
陌生而独特的斯堪的纳维亚文明 over thousands of years, a strange and unique Scandinavian culture
是如何历经千年而崛起…从而开创维京时代的 gave rise to the Viking Age.
而当奥斯贝格之舟发掘出土 But when the magnificent Oseberg ship burial was unearthed
让维京的传说产生了出人意料的转折 it contained an unexpected twist in the tale.
作为一名考古学家 As an archaeologist,
我通常会花很多时间啦谈论那些强大男人们 I tend to spend a lot of my time talking about powerful men,
但是当奥斯贝格之舟出土时 but when the Oseberg ship was excavated
让人大吃一惊的是船里的是两个女性 the big surprise was that it contained two women.
这些是其中以为的骨骼…年长的那位 And these are the remains of one of them, in fact the older of the two.
我们判断这位庄严的女性 ` We can tell that this venerable lady
去世时的年纪在六十岁到八十岁间 was perhaps as much as 80 years old when she died
她最终死于癌症 and it was cancer of some sort that finally claimed her.
除了这两点可以确信外 But beyond those two certainties,
关于她与和她同葬一处的另外一位女性 we know very little about this woman
其他方面的事情我们知之甚少 or about the other woman she was buried alongside.
这位尊贵的女士给我们一个提醒 The remains of a high-status woman is another reminder
维京人不光只有男性的武士 that the Vikings weren't all about warrior men.
而对第二位女性进行研究 却让事情变得更加复杂… And analysis of the second woman makes things even more complicated.
我们能确信年长的女性… While there's every reason to believe the older woman
完全是斯堪的纳维亚血统 was Scandinavian born and bred,
而从这位年轻骨骼中提取的DNA却显示 analysis of DNA taken from the younger woman's skeleton
很有可能… at least allows for the possibility
她是来自遥远的中东地区 that she was from as far away as the Middle East.
因而最早在八世纪后半页时 So that by as early as the end of the 8th century
维京人制造麻烦已经不仅仅局限在其临近地区了 the Vikings were doing much more than just cause trouble for their neighbours,
比如不列颠诸岛 like the people in the British Isles.
他们已经到达了东方…东欧地区 They had contacts into the East, into Eastern Europe.
我的旅程始于大西洋岸边... I started out on the Atlantic coast wanting
我想要揭开维京是如何形成的 to discover how the Vikings came to be.
而奥斯贝格女尸可能来自远方…即便只是可能性 But even the possibility that that younger Oseberg woman came from so far away
又将是另一段故事的开始 is the beginning of a whole new story.
几千年之后…维京时代拉开了序幕 After thousands of years, of the Age of Vikings had begun.
边境线无法限制维京人纵横驰骋 No borders or boundaries could contain them,
海洋和河流使得他们能够造访任何地区 and the oceans and rivers gave them unlimited access
无论是已知世界或未知领域 throughout the known world and beyond.
下一集中，维京人将前往东方… Next time, the Vikings go East...
…建立巨大的奢侈品贸易网 ..building a vast trade network of luxuries.
丝绸价值连城… Silk was so valuable,
即使要经过艰险的旅程还是有利可图 it made the perilous river journeys to get here more than worthwhile.
还有奴隶... And slaves.
这是给奴隶戴的项圈 These are slave collars.
你能想象在脖子上戴上这种东西 And you can imagine the humiliation of having something
有多耻辱吗 like this placed around your neck.
殖民过程的开始就是维京帝国的开始 And beginning a process of colonisation that was the beginning of a Viking Empire.
通过和当地人通婚血统彼此混合在一起 By marrying the locals, their blood mixed with our blood.
他们至今还与我们在一起 And they're still here with us today.
字幕翻译: BY LONELGUY Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd